POLYMER TESTING
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2020
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IF 3.275
Zaihang Zheng,Chenchen Liao,Yurou Xia,Yuhang Liu,Boya Dai,Anbo Li
In this article, co-microencapsulation technology was utilized for decorating the surface of dialdehyde starch (DAS) and melamine polyphosphate (MPP) via one-step process. The aim for this design was to improve the dispersion for DAS and MPP in polypropylene (PP) and employ DAS as sustainable char-forming agent, which lied in enhancing the flame retardancy of PP. In view of chemical composition , morphology and surface wettability , the changes for DAS and MPP after modification were confirmed by energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and water contact angle (WCA) tests, respectively. Most of all, the results for flame retardant tests demonstrated limiting oxygen index (LOI) value and vertical burning tests (UL-94) rating of PP/30 ph M[M&D] were 28.2% and V-1. Along with the synergistic effect, the homogeneous dispersion of DAS and MPP in PP after co-microencapsulation modification was also one of main reasons for the increased flame retardant properties. Except that, the chemical interaction between DAS and MPP in producing the char layer was also certified by TGA curves. After systematic analysis on char residue, the possible intumescent flame retardant mechanism was primarily proposed.
研究领域:
材料科学
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化学工程
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高分子科学
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消防安全工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
Materials Today Chemistry
·
2021
·
IF 8.301
X. Lu,M. Yu,D. Wang,P. Xiu,C. Xu,A.F. Lee,X. Gu
A simple and environmentally benign synthetic route to lignin-based epoxy resins is highly desirable. Alkali lignin and glyoxal are promising renewable and sustainable alternatives to phenol and formaldehyde, respectively. Their use is demonstrated to produce lignin-phenol-glyoxal novolac epoxy resins (LPG-NERs) through a simple one-pot synthesis. Flame retardancy of LPG-NERs was improved by functionalization with a N, S modified 9, 10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO) material (termed DBS) obtained via nucleophilic reaction between DOPO and a N, S containing intermediate. FTIR and 1 H NMR analyses confirmed the successful fabrication of LPG-NERs and SBD. The introduction of lignin and SBD reduced crosslinking of the epoxy network, weakening mechanical properties , but conferred excellent flame retardancy (including vapor and condensed phases) as determined by LOI (34.5%), UL-94 (V-0 rating), and cone calorimetry tests (lower heat release and smoke production, and higher char formation). The SBD structure imparted a desirable vapor mechanism (blowing out phenomenon caused by the fire quenching effect of PO•/PO 2 • radicals and dilution effect from non-condensable gases such as NH 3 , N 2 , SO 2 ), while lignin (a natural biochar precursor) in synergy with SBD imparted superior charring performance.
研究领域:
材料科学
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化学工程
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高分子科学
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可持续化学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
ACS Applied Polymer Materials
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2023
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IF 5
Maoyong Zhi,Xiong Yang,Rong Fan,Shan Yue,Lingling Zheng,Quanyi Liu,Yuanhua He
Nowadays, traditional petroleum-based diglyceryl ether of bisphenol A epoxy resins (DGEBA) have prominent problems such as nonrenewable raw materials, flammability, and poor toughness. Herein, a vanillin-based epoxy resin (VH-HDA-EP) containing a rigid Schiff base structure and flexible alkane segment was synthesized from vanillin, 1,6-hexanediamine, and epichlorohydrin through a facile and highly efficient method, and it was cured with 4,4′-diaminodiphenylmethane (DDM) to prepare VH-HDA-EP/DDM thermosets. Curing kinetics analysis demonstrated that the activation energy of VH-HDA-EP was much higher than that of DGEBA. Thermogravimetric analyses illustrated that the char yield of VH-HDA-EP/DDM was 30.8 wt % at a nitrogen atmosphere, which was nearly two times that of DGEBA/DDM (17.9 wt %). Moreover, VH-HDA-EP/DDM obtained a limiting oxygen index as high as 38.5% and passed the UL-94 V-0 rating test. Compared with DGEBA/DDM, the total heat release, total smoke production, and maximal smoke density of VH-HDA-EP/DDM were significantly reduced by 45.1, 73.4, and 36.2%, respectively. The char residue analysis results revealed that the Schiff base structure of VH-HDA-EP/DDM could contribute to the formation of continuous and dense char residues in the condensed phase. The storage modulus and glass transition temperature of VH-HDA-EP/DDM were 2821 MPa and 186 °C, which were higher than those of DGEBA/DDM (1990 MPa and 168 °C). The tensile strength and elongation at break of VH-HDA-EP/DDM were 55.6 MPa and 8.3%, respectively, and it showed obvious strain strengthening characteristic. Furthermore, the enhancement mechanism of flame retardancy and mechanical properties was proposed, which is mainly due to the complementary effect of the rigid Schiff base structure and flexible alkane segment. This work provides insights for preparing high-performance bio-based epoxy resins with excellent flame retardancy and mechanical properties.
研究领域:
材料科学
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高分子化学
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可持续材料
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阻燃性
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机械工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
POLYMER DEGRADATION AND STABILITY
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2024
·
IF 6.3
Fubin Luo,Shuguang Yang,Zhehang Shi,Yingbing Zou,Hongzhou Li
Epoxy-based vitrimers appear as a promising alternative to common epoxy materials. Nevertheless, the possibility of epoxy vitrimers in practical applications is limited by their high flammability. In this study, a novel bio-based casein phosphopeptide chelating zinc (CPP-Zn) is purposely developed, specifically designed to serve as a flame retardant and smoke suppressant for epoxy vitrimer, operating through a condensed phase mechanism. To further enhance the fire safety of epoxy resins, DOPO derivative (DDP) is synthesized through grafting with bio-based itaconate and subsequently used as a synergistic flame retardant in combination with CPP-Zn. DDP exhibits gas phase flame retardant mechanism through the release of free radical scavangers generated during combustion. As a result of the combination of condensed and gas phase effect, the composite achieves self-extinguishing within 1 second, attains a V-0 rating in UL-94 testing, and boasts an LOI of 32.3 %. Additional, it shows a remarkable 73.7 % reduction in heat release rate (HRR) and 27.2 % in total smoke production (TSP) compared with neat epoxy vitrimer. The experimental results also evidence that the characteristic features of vitrimers, self-healing and recyclability, have been retained in the prepared flame-retarded composites. The remolded 50D/EST-25Cz is still able to maintain 72.2 % of its tensile strength . This opens promising avenues for the development of highly fire-safe and eco-friendly epoxy resins.
研究领域:
材料科学
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化学工程
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消防安全工程
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环境科学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
POLYMER DEGRADATION AND STABILITY
·
2025
·
IF 7.4
Xintao Ma,Haoyu Yang,Xiaoqi Zhang,Jing Xia,Chenglin Wang,Dongying Gong,Na Lin,Zihao Liu,Hao Liu,Suqin He,Miaoming Huang,Wanlin Xu,Wentao Liu,Chengshen Zhu
The escalating complexity of industrial applications, coupled with the growing imperative for energy efficiency and environmental safety, highlights the need for the development of multifunctional, bio-based polyamide materials. In this work, we report the synthesis of a novel bio-based polyamide (PA510/6/DT), characterized by exceptional flame retardancy, high transparency, and superior UV resistance. This material is synthesized via the copolymerization of bio-based pentylenediamine, sebacic acid, caprolactam, and 3,5-diamino-1,2,4-triazole (DT), DT acts as an ultra-efficient flame retardant and endowing PA510/6/DT with powerful flame-retardant properties. The resultant PA510/6/DT demonstrates a V-0 rating in the UL 94 test and exhibits significantly reduced smoke production upon combustion, ensuring enhanced fire safety. Notably, the incorporation of DT not only preserves the inherent mechanical integrity of the polyamide matrix but also imparts excellent UV shielding and maintains high transparency, addressing compatibility challenges commonly encountered with traditional flame retardants. Non-isoconversional kinetic analysis reveals that pyrolysis follows an interfacial reaction-controlled mechanism (R3 contracting sphere model), validated by high activation energies and char-layer formation. Furthermore, PA510/6/DT exhibits remarkable mechanical strength and exceptional thermal stability, making it a promising candidate for high-performance applications in fields requiring concurrent flame retardancy, optical clarity, UV protection, and environmental sustainability.
研究领域:
高分子科学
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材料工程
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消防安全工程
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化学合成
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热分析
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
JOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE
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2024
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IF 2.7
Minghao Li,Yu Bai,Enquan Hao,Hongjie Li,Chunhui Chen,Wenqing Hai,Ziyang Jiang,Qian Meng,Huiqi Shao,Guangwei Shao,Siyi Bi,Jinhua Jiang,Nanliang Chen
The widespread industrial applications of thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) are partially limited by its flammability. The design of high-performance intumescent flame retardants (IFR) is of great significance for enhancing flame retardant (FR) performance of TPU. In this work, an IFR system consisting of ammonium polyphosphate (APP), double pentaerythritol (DPER), and zinc borate (ZB) is proposed. The optimized experimental parameters with 15 wt.% additive amount of FR, APP-DPER weight ratio of 2.28:1 and 15.56 wt.% ZB content are regulated based on Box–Behnken design-response surface methodology (BBD-RSM) to obtain TPU/FR composite with superior limiting oxygen index value of 30.2%. Noticeably, the design efficiency of TPU/FR composite is significantly improved by utilizing BBD-RSM. Results of vertical burning test show that the optimized TPU/FR composite passes UL 94 V-0 rating and peak heat release rate is dramatically reduced from 1355.88 (neat TPU) to 201.01 KW/m 2 through cone calorimeter test. In addition, scanning electron microscopy accompanied with Raman spectroscopy are conducted to characterize the morphology and composition of residual char for further exploring the FR mechanism of IFR system in TPU. The as-prepared TPU/FR composite has provided new potential application in engineering fields.
研究领域:
材料科学
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高分子科学
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消防安全工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
POLYMER DEGRADATION AND STABILITY
·
2022
·
IF 5.204
Di Zhang,Weihong Cao,Zhenghong Guo,Hongqiang Yan,Zhengping Fang,Peng Chen,Juan Li
A vitrimer is a kind of polymer with a dynamic network that has received extensive attention. An epoxy monomer containing a phosphonate group (E) has been used to endow a vitrimer with flame retardancy. 1, 4-cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid (CA) was used as a diacid monomer. Dodecanedioic acid (DA) containing a long aliphatic chain was used as a third monomer to regulate the structure and properties of the vitrimer. The flame retardant properties were investigated using UL-94 vertical combustion, limiting oxygen index (LOI). The results showed that the E/1C/2D vitrimer containing CA/DA (mole ratio1:2) displays a UL-94 V-0 rating and a LOI value of 31%. Furthermore, the vitrimers possesse excellent recyclable and multiple shape memory performance. The E/1C/2D vitrimer may be structurally modified rapidly via transesterification reaction between an ester and neighboring β‑hydroxy groups at 170 °C. The recycling efficiency is nearly 100%. The tensile strength and modulus of E/1C/2D may be as high as 97 MPa and 2173 MPa, respectively. The tensile strength is not significantly decreased as a consequence of two reformation events. A simple method for the regulation of the flame retardancy and mechanical properties of vitrimers has been demonstrated.
研究领域:
高分子科学
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材料科学
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化学工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
JOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE
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2023
·
IF 3
Yuhan Chen,Nian Yin,Yunfei Wang,Shanjun Gao,Chunhui Shen
A novel bio-based carbon forming agent (Mg@PA-CS) containing P and N elements was were synthesized using the complexation characteristics of chitosan (CS) and phytate (PA). The flame retardant behavior of poly(lactic acid) (PLA)/Mg@PA-CS/APP composites (addition of 20 wt% of different ratios of Mg@PA-CS and APP to polylactic acid composites) were investigated by the limiting oxygen index (LOI), vertical burning test (UL-94), cone calorimetry test (CCT), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Due to the biphasic flame retardant and synergistic effect, since the 20 wt% flame retardant system (Mg@PA-CS:APP = 1:2), PLA composites passed the UL-94 test V-0 rating, reached 34% LOI value. The peak heat release rate (PHRR) and total heat release rate (THR) were reduced to 1/2 of the pure PLA, char residue could be as high as 11.49% at 800°C. Moreover, the flame-retardant mechanism of PLA composites during thermal decomposition was analyzed using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and the coupling techniques of TGA linked with FT-IR (TG-FTIR).
研究领域:
材料科学
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高分子科学
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消防安全工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL
·
2024
·
IF 13.3
Fanjun Yu,Zhichen Ba,Zhizun Gao,Yonggui Wang,Yanjun Xie,Haigang Wang,Zhe Qiu,Zefang Xiao
The development of effective and eco-friendly wood-based functional composites is crucial for maximizing the value of forest resources. In this paper, we propose a novel method for preparing an aqueous-phase flame retardant (MPUC) using carboxymethylation alkali lignin, phytic acid, and melamine-urea-glyoxal resin. This approach aims to manufacture modified wood (MW/MPUC) with exceptional flame-retardant and smoke-suppressing properties. The results from the cone calorimeter test indicate that the modified wood achieved a remarkable reduction of up to 56.8 % in total heat release and an impressive 92.3 % decrease in total smoke production. Furthermore, the limiting oxygen index increased significantly from 23.6 % (natural wood) to 41.5 % (MW/MPUC-2). Notably, all modified wood successfully passed the V-1 test for UL-94 flammability rating. Further, our investigation into the gas-phase products formed during pyrolysis and the condensed-phase system created after combustion has led us to propose potential flame-retardant mechanisms for these flame retardants. Moreover, modified wood had improved mechanical properties and dimensional stability than natural wood. In addition, we extended the application of MPUC-2 flame-retardant to other flammable materials and demonstrated its excellent flame-retardant properties. Thus, the proposed strategy provided a new approach for preparing wood-based flame-retardant composites with lignin-based N-P flame retardants.
研究领域:
材料科学
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消防安全工程
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可持续化学
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木材科学与技术
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
EUROPEAN POLYMER JOURNAL
·
2025
·
IF 6.3
Cong Yang,Xinnian Xia,Suirong Fu,Fangtao Liu,Wensheng Li
The development of high-performance bio-based epoxy resins with superior heat resistance, mechanical and flame-retardant properties represent a critical pathway toward addressing advanced manufacturing demands and promoting sustainable development. Concurrently, efficient recycling technologies for carbon fiber (CF) from carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) waste are urgently needed. In this study, a divanillin-derived tetra-functional bio-based epoxy monomer (ADP-EP) containing imine bonds was synthesized and cross-linked with 4,4-diaminodiphenylmethane (DDM) and nadic methyl anhydride (NMA) to form two distinct cross-linked networks. The ADP-EP/DDM system exhibited exceptional heat resistance and mechanical properties, with a glass transition temperature ( T g ) of 259.3 ℃ and tensile strength of 100.2 MPa, significantly exceeding those of the conventional DGEBA/DDM system (180 ℃, 65.6 MPa). Microscale combustion calorimetry (MCC) revealed low flammability, with heat release capacity (HRC), peak heat release rate (PHRR), and total heat release (THR) reduced by 78.7 %, 79.2 %, and 48.2 %, respectively, compared to the DGEBA/DDM control. Moreover, the ADP-EP/DDM achieved a V0 rating in the vertical burning test (UL-94), confirming its intrinsic flame retardancy. Interestingly, incorporating ADP-EP into the anhydride-cured system enhanced heat resistance, with the D 5 A 5 /NMA system (5:5 DGEBA/ADP-EP molar ratio) demonstrating a T g of 189.1 ℃ while maintaining high tensile strength (75.2 MPa). Notably, the synergistic effect of dynamic imine and ester bonds enabled efficient degradation of the D 5 A 5 /NMA network under mild conditions (160 ℃ in 2-aminoethanol), achieving complete decomposition within 34 min. This approach effectively overcame the degradation challenges of high-temperature-resistant materials and enabled non-destructive recycling of CF from CFRP composites (CF-D 5 A 5 /NMA). The study provides innovative concepts for designing bio-based epoxy resins with high performance and degradability, offering significant scientific value and application potential in aerospace and sustainable composite materials.
研究领域:
材料科学
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高分子化学
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可持续制造
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复合材料技术
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阻燃性能
·
化学回收
·
航空航天材料
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
COMPOSITES PART A-APPLIED SCIENCE AND MANUFACTURING
·
2025
·
IF 8.9
Weiwen Gu,Rui Wang,Huaibo Qian,Jingyu Zhang,Jiang Jing,Hongfei Li,Xiaoyu Gu,Sheng Zhang
This study reports our recent effort to address the key challenges of hydrophilicity and inefficiency for conventional intumescent flame retardants (IFRs) through the regulation of interaction modes. Three interaction modes are designed through physical blending (DPAPI/MP, astatic binding), core–shell structure (DPAPI@MP, weak chemical interaction), and covalent bonding (DPAPI-MP, strong chemical interaction). The effect of different interaction modes between piperazine diphosphate (DPAPI) and melamine phosphate (MP) on flame retardancy is analyzed. The introduction of only 20 wt% DPAPI-MP into the PP matrix significantly enhances its flame retardant properties, raising the limiting oxygen index (LOI) increase from 17.2 % to 27.8 % and achieving a UL-94 V-0 rating. The peak heat release rate (PHRR) and total smoke release (TSR) decreased by 79 % and 54 %, respectively. The residual char increases to 29.4 % from 0. The flame retardant mechanism involves a topological rearrangement of the triazine ring, which releases non-combustible gases, while acidic compounds facilitate the development of a three-dimensional P-O-C cross-linked structure. For water-resistant performance the PP/DPAPI-MP/RDP cretained the UL-94 V-0 rating even after 168 h of hydrothermal aging at 70 °C. The precipitation rate is reduced to 1.18 wt%, and the tensile strength decreases by only 1.5 %. The PP/DPAPI-MP/RDP exhibit an excellent balance between flame retardancy and water resistance. This study proposes a novel design concept for regulating the interaction modes of flame retardants, offering new insights into the development of water resistant and flame retardant PP.
研究领域:
高分子科学
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材料工程
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消防安全工程
·
化学改性
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复合材料
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表面化学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL
·
2021
·
IF 13.273
Zhencai Qu,Kunxin Wang,Chang-an Xu,Yue Li,Enxiang Jiao,Bing Chen,Huifa Meng,Xiaohua Cui,Jun Shi,Kun Wu
Owing to the high interface thermal resistance and aggregation in polymer-based materials, the thermal conductivity of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) has been severely decreased in practical applications. In this work, an amino-functionalized black phosphorene (BP–NH 2 ) fabricated by ball milling has been employed to react with carboxylated multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs–COOH) via covalent bonds to prepare a nanofiller (BP–MWCNTs) with high thermal conductivity and excellent flame retardancy. When incorporating 20.0 wt% BP–MWCNTs into cellulose nanofiber (CNF), the CNF/BP–MWCNTs 20.0 shows an in-plane thermal conductivity of 22.38 ± 0.39 W m −1 K −1 and a cross-plane thermal conductivity of 0.36 ± 0.03 W m −1 K −1 , resulting in an anisotropy index of 62.17. The effective medium theory (EMT) calculation demonstrates the interface thermal resistance is reduced to 1/39 that of pure MWCNTs, which is ascribed to the covalent bond between BP–NH 2 and MWCNTs–COOH. Simultaneously, the CNF/BP–MWCNTs 20.0 can pass the testing of UL-94 V-0 grade and the limiting oxygen index (LOI) value can be increased from 18.1% to 29.9%. Its peak of heat release rate (PHRR), total heat release (THR), smoke production rate (SPR), total smoke production (TSP), CO generated per second (COP) and CO 2 generated per second (CO 2 P) are decreased by 37.47%, 43.51%, 50.00%, 35.29%, 50.00% and 19.70%, respectively, which is due to the formation of an intumescent flame-retardant system rich in carbon source (MWCNTs), acid source (BP) and gas source (amino groups). This covalent linkage strategy offers a new thought for the preparation of flexible materials to enhance the thermal conductivity and fire resistance .
研究领域:
材料科学
·
纳米技术
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热工程
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消防安全工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
危险品化学品经营许可证（带存储）