POLYMER
·
2025
·
IF 4.5
A.N.M.Masudur Rahman,Xueping Zhang,Xiaohong Qin
Lignocellulosic fibers show combustibility, so it’s unsafe to use these fibers as reinforcement in flame retardant biocomposites that are designed for automotive textiles. Therefore, enhancing its flame retardancy is essential. This study aims to enhance the flame retardant characteristics of okra woven fabric (OWF) by using a synergistic coating of boric acid (BA) and ammonium polyphosphate (APP). Flame retardancy was evaluated through the analysis of limiting oxygen index, cone calorimeter, and vertical combustion test. An exploration of various concentrations of BA+APP was used, revealing that the coating of OWF with a composition of 6% BA+6% APP (wt%) exhibited the highest flame retardancy. TGA and DSC were employed to investigate the thermal degradation, which revealed that 6% BA+6% APP coated OWF yields the maximum char residue of 53% at 695 °C temperature. The alterations in chemical structure resulting from the BA+APP coating were analyzed using FTIR, XPS, and EDX, while SEM examined the deposition of the coating layer. The results of tensile properties indicated that BA+APP coating lead to a notable reduction in both tensile strength and elongation at break, as corroborated by ANOVA statistical analysis.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
纺织工程
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产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH
·
2026
·Vol. 33
·期 7
·305
·
IF 3.5
Zhou Wenqian,Ou Hongxiang,Li Xiaoyan,Tu Zhe,Xue Honglai,Zhu Fang
To address the inherent flammability and severe smoke release of polypropylene (PP) that restrict its safety-critical applications, a novel intumescent flame retardant (IFR) system was developed in this study. Ammonium polyphosphate (APP) was efficiently coated with halloysite nanotubes (HNTs) using 3-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane (KH560) as a molecular bridge to obtain a composite flame retardant (HNTs@APP) with enhanced thermal stability and charring performance. This component was synergistically combined with tris(2-hydroxyethyl) isocyanurate (THEIC) and zinc borate (ZB) to construct an efficient IFR system. Remarkably, the experimental results show that the limiting oxygen index (LOI) of composite PP2, which is composed of only 25 wt% HNTs@APP/THEIC, reaches 32.5%; with the introduction of ZB, the flame retardant performance of the composite is further improved. The silicon-boron synergistic effect can efficiently catalyze the dehydration and crosslinking of the polymer matrix, significantly enhance the thermal stability and compactness of the residual carbon layer, thereby synergistically improving the flame retardant, smoke suppression and mechanical properties of the composite. Among them, the LOI of PP4 is increased to 34.5%, the peak heat release rate (pHRR) and total smoke production (TSP) are reduced to 162 kW/m 2 and 0.6 m 2 , decreasing by 88% and 95% compared with pure PP, respectively, and the lowest I D /I G (0.58) is achieved. Meanwhile, its tensile strength and elongation at break are increased to 24.81 MPa and 44.87%, respectively, effectively alleviating the deterioration of the mechanical properties of the PP matrix caused by the addition of flame retardants. This study realizes the synergistic improvement of flame retardant and smoke suppression properties of PP materials at a low flame retardant addition amount, providing a new technical path with good application prospects for the application of PP in safety-critical fields such as electronic and electrical enclosures and building fireproof materials.
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
Polymers
·
2019
·Vol. 11
·期 12
·1964
·
IF 3.164
Xinxin Sheng,Sihao Li,Yanfeng Zhao,Dongsheng Zhai,Li Zhang,Xiang Lu
Fire and smoke suppressions of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) aerogels are urgently required due to the serious fire hazard they present. MXene, a 2D transition-metal carbide with many excellent properties, is considered a promising synergist for providing excellent flame retardant performance. PVA/ammonium polyphosphate (APP)/transition metal carbide (MXene) composite aerogels were prepared via the freeze-drying method to enhance the flame retardancy. Thermogravimetric analysis, limiting oxygen index, vertical burning, and cone calorimeter tests were executed to investigate the thermal stability and flame retardancy of PVA/APP/MXene (PAM) composite aerogels. The results demonstrated that MXene boosted the flame retardancy of PVA-APP, and that PAM-2 (with 2.0 wt% MXene loading) passed the V-0 rating, and reached a maximum LOI value of 42%; Moreover, MXene endowed the PVA-APP system with excellent fire and smoke suppression performance, as the the peak heat release rate and peak smoke production rate were significantly reduced by 55% and 74% at 1.0 wt% MXene loading. The flame retardant mechanism was systematically studied, MXene facilitated the generation of compact intumescent residues via ita catalyst effects, thus further restraining the release of heat and smoke. This work provides a simple route to improve the flame retardancy of PVA aerogels via the synergistic effect of MXene and APP.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
消防安全工程
·
聚合物复合材料
·
纳米材料
✓ 已验证
DOI
高影响因子
JOURNAL OF THERMOPLASTIC COMPOSITE MATERIALS
·
2026
·
IF 4
Bin Xue,Danxiang Wei,Jun Li,Yudong Wang,Haifeng Pan,Wei Wang
Poly (lactic acid) (PLA) is characterized by inherent flammability and limited mechanical performance, which restrict its engineering applications. In this study, ammonium polyphosphate (APP) was utilized as the primary flame retardant, while tannic acid (TA) and tea polyphenols (TP) acted as natural synergists. By combining these components with steam-exploded sugarcane fibers (SCF), we developed a fully bio-based intumescent flame-retardant PLA composite. The effects of polyphenol-assisted APP on thermal stability, flame retardancy, mechanical properties, and flame-retardant mechanisms were systematically investigated. The results indicate that polyphenols significantly enhance the charring ability of APP and improve the high-temperature thermal stability of the composites. Cone calorimetry demonstrates notable reductions in peak heat release rate and total heat release, along with an increased fire performance index. At a total flame-retardant loading of 13 wt%, the composites achieved a UL-94 V-0 rating with effective suppression of melt dripping. However, a moderate reduction in tensile strength and elongation at break was observed due to the incorporation of inorganic flame-retardant components. The addition of SCF partially mitigates the mechanical deterioration caused by the incorporation of flame-retardants. Char analysis indicates a condensed-phase-dominated mechanism, wherein polyphenols serve as efficient carbon sources and synergize with APP to form a dense, phosphorus-rich char layer. Notably, tea polyphenols exhibit slightly higher charring efficiency than tannic acid.
✓ 已验证
DOI
高影响因子
Journal of Materials Chemistry A
·
2018
·Vol. 6
·期 10
·4449-4457
·
IF 9.931
Lei Wang,Shuhong Wu,Xiangyu Dong,Rui Wang,Liqiang Zhang,Jianlei Wang,Jie Zhong,Lixin Wu,Xin Wang
The attainment of both robust mechanical and fire-safety performances is a vital requirement for most polymer composites. Due to its unique structure and physical/chemical properties, graphene has been reported to act as an attractive additive to ameliorate the properties of polymers. However, several key issues should be resolved in advance before practical application, including the complicated dispersion process prior to incorporation into polymers, low flame retardant efficiency, etc. Herein, a sequential versatile strategy was developed to overcome these problems: (1) fabrication of a graphene–ammonium polyphosphate aerogel (GAPPA); (2) backfilling of polymers (taking poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) as an example). The resultant PMMA/GAPPA composite possessed not only robust mechanical properties (e.g. an increase of ca. 100.5% and 130.6% in the reduced modulus and hardness, respectively) but also efficient fire-safety performance (e.g. a decrease of ca. 67.2% and 58.7% in the peak heat release rate (PHRR) and total heat release (THR), respectively; a lower amount of smoke and toxic gases), outperforming those of pure PMMA, PMMA/graphene aerogel (GA) and PMMA/graphene oxide–ammonium polyphosphate (GO–APP) composites synthesized by traditional dispersion methods. Our work opens up a promising way for the production of graphene-based polymer composites with superior mechanical and fire-safety performances.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
高分子化学
·
火灾安全工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
PROGRESS IN ORGANIC COATINGS
·
2019
·
IF 3.42
Yinchun Fang,Xinhua Liu,Xuchen Tao
High flammability and dripping restrict the widely applications of PET fiber, a lot of efforts have been made to overcome these problems. In this paper, chitosan (CH) and ammonium polyphosphate (APP) were used as the intumescent flame retardant system which was constructed on PET fabrics surface via the Layer-by-layer (LBL) assembly technique. The flame retardancy and anti-dripping performance of the coated PET fabrics were determined by LOI values and vertical burning test. The results revealed that both the flame retardancy and anti-dripping performance of the LBL assembly coated PET fabrics were improved, particularly when the CH/APP bilayer was over 10 BL, the dripping phenomenon was eliminated. Alkali treatment of PET fabrics before LBL assembly effect on the flame retardancy and anti-dripping performance was investigated. The results indicated that alkali treatment of the PET fabrics would promote the combination of PET fabrics and the charged flame retardants. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was used to investigate the thermal stability of uncoated and LBL assembly coated PET fabrics. The results of TGA revealed that LBL assembly coated PET fabrics would promote the char formation indicating the obviously condensed phase flame retardant action. The SEM images of the char residues revealed that LBL assembly coated PET fabrics would promote the formation of intumescent char residues with lots of microporous indicating the better anti-dripping performance.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
纺织工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
JOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE
·
2024
·
IF 2.7
Minghao Li,Yu Bai,Enquan Hao,Hongjie Li,Chunhui Chen,Wenqing Hai,Ziyang Jiang,Qian Meng,Huiqi Shao,Guangwei Shao,Siyi Bi,Jinhua Jiang,Nanliang Chen
The widespread industrial applications of thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) are partially limited by its flammability. The design of high-performance intumescent flame retardants (IFR) is of great significance for enhancing flame retardant (FR) performance of TPU. In this work, an IFR system consisting of ammonium polyphosphate (APP), double pentaerythritol (DPER), and zinc borate (ZB) is proposed. The optimized experimental parameters with 15 wt.% additive amount of FR, APP-DPER weight ratio of 2.28:1 and 15.56 wt.% ZB content are regulated based on Box–Behnken design-response surface methodology (BBD-RSM) to obtain TPU/FR composite with superior limiting oxygen index value of 30.2%. Noticeably, the design efficiency of TPU/FR composite is significantly improved by utilizing BBD-RSM. Results of vertical burning test show that the optimized TPU/FR composite passes UL 94 V-0 rating and peak heat release rate is dramatically reduced from 1355.88 (neat TPU) to 201.01 KW/m 2 through cone calorimeter test. In addition, scanning electron microscopy accompanied with Raman spectroscopy are conducted to characterize the morphology and composition of residual char for further exploring the FR mechanism of IFR system in TPU. The as-prepared TPU/FR composite has provided new potential application in engineering fields.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
高分子科学
·
消防安全工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
Polymer Chemistry
·
2016
·Vol. 7
·期 17
·3003-3012
·
IF 5.687
Yi Tan,Zhu-Bao Shao,Lei-Xiao Yu,Jia-Wei Long,Min Qi,Li Chen,Yu-Zhong Wang
To obtain highly fire-safe epoxy resin (EP), piperazine-modified ammonium polyphosphate (PAz-APP) with multiple active –NH– groups was prepared and utilized as a highly effective flame-retardant hardener. After curing by PAz-APP as a monocomponent hardener, cross-linked networks containing both tertiary amino and ether linkages were obtained, which resulted in two glass transitions. Thanks to the phosphorus-containing inorganic part, PAz-APP brought excellent flame retardance and smoke suppression efficiency to the EP system. The cured sample passed V-0 rating (UL-94) with only 7.5 wt% addition of PAz-APP. Cone calorimetric results suggested that, compared with PAz/EP (as a reference sample), both the peak-heat release rate (PHRR) and total smoke production (TSP) of PAz-APP 15/EP (15 wt% addition) sharply dropped by 81.5% and 80.0%, respectively. By analyzing the chemical constitution of the decomposing residues at different temperatures, it was noticed that PAz-APP mainly acted as a flame retardant in the condensed phase via the formation of phosphorus-rich char. Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) illustrated that the main glass transition temperature (Tg) of PAz-APP 15/EP was as high as 162.4 °C. Furthermore, the incorporation of PAz-APP did not worsen the mechanical properties, but contrarily, improved the impact strength.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
化学工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH
·
2014
·Vol. 21
·期 5
·1-15
·
IF 1.897
Zheng Zaihang,Qiang Linhui,Yang Ting,Wang Bingnan,Cui Xuejun,Wang Hongyan
In this paper, a novel and facile method was carried out to microencapsulate ammonium polyphosphate (APP) via two-step surface polymerization process, which introduces the carbon source and blowing agent into the microcapsules simultaneously. The chemical composition of microencapsulated APP (MAPP) was confirmed by fourier infrared spectra (FTIR). The surface morphology and thermal behavior of APP and MAPP were investigated by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), respectively. Additionally, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) demonstrates that MAPP particles possess the obvious “core/shell-like” structure. Compared with APP, the water solubility of MAPP greatly decreases that can improve the water resistance of MAPP in polymer materials when exposed to water. Moreover, the flame retardant properties of polypropylene (PP) compositing with MAPP were systematically researched by limiting oxygen index (LOI), vertical burning tests (UL-94) and cone calorimeter. The results show the flame retardant properties of PP composites are enhanced by combining MAPP than that of APP. Besides, the water resistance of PP/MAPP is also enhanced. And the char residue of PP composites after combustion was analyzed by FTIR and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) spectra. Based on these facts, a possible flame retardant mechanism of MAPP in PP composites was proposed.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
高分子化学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
POLYMERS FOR ADVANCED TECHNOLOGIES
·
2018
·Vol. 30
·期 2
·264-278
·
IF 2.137
Xiwei Xu,Sheng Wang,Songqi Ma,Wangchao Yuan,Qiong Li,Jie Feng,Jin Zhu
Flame retardants from vanillin when utilized together with ammonium polyphosphate (APP) yield excellent synergistic flame retardancy toward epoxy resins. Bisphenol A epoxy resins have been widely used due to their excellent mechanical properties, chemical resistance, electrical properties, adhesion, etc., while they are flammable. Environment-friendly and bio-based flame retardants have captured increasing attention due to their ecological necessity. In this paper, 3 bio-based flame retardants were synthesized from abundant and more importantly renewable vanillin, and their chemical structures were determined by 1 H NMR and 13 C NMR. They were used together with APP (an environment-friendly commercial flame retardant) to improve the fire resistance of bisphenol A epoxy resin. With the addition APP content of 15 phr, the modified bisphenol A epoxy resin could reach UL-94V0 rating during vertical burning test and limit oxygen index values of above 35%, but reducing APP content to 10 phr, the flame retardancy became very poor. With the total addition content of 10 phr, the epoxy resins modified by 7 to 9 phr APP and 1 to 3 phr bio-based flame retardants with epoxy groups or more benzene rings showed excellent flame retardancy with UL-94V0 rating and limit oxygen index values of around 29%. The T g s of the epoxy resins could be remained or even increased after introducing bio-based flame retardants, as the control; those of APP alone-modified epoxy resins compromised a lot. The green synergistic flame-retardant systems have a great potential to be used in high-performance materials.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
绿色化学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
FUEL
·
2022
·
IF 8.035
Qi Zhao,Xianfeng Chen,Yi Li,Huaming Dai
To explore the suppression mechanisms of ammonium polyphosphate (APP) on methane/coal dust explosion flame, the experiment tests of methane/coal dust explosion flame propagation under different mass fraction of APP were conducted in a vertical pipe. Using Simultaneous Thermal Analysis and Py-GC/MS to analyze the effects of APP on the thermal decomposition process and thermal pyrolysis products of coal dust. The chemical characterization of explosion residues was carried out by confocal Raman and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Based on the apparent suppression ways of APP such as absorption of heat, reduction concentration of combustibles and adsorbent of free radicals, APP also limited the thermal decomposition process of coal dust and leaded to the reduction or even disappearance of some organic matters at coal dust pyrolysis. Noticeably, the investigation of explosion residues found that the carbonization effect of APP pyrolysis products and the activity reduction of functional groups (–CH 3 /–CH 2 and –OH) which contribute to ignition of coal dust, these coupling effects made it difficult for coal dust to ignite, and thus the methane/coal dust compound explosion were suppressed significantly.
研究领域:
安全科学与工程
·
化学工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
MACROMOLECULAR MATERIALS AND ENGINEERING
·
2022
·Vol. 308
·期 3
·2200516
·
IF 4.402
Chang Liu,Ping Li,Ying-Jun Xu,Yun Liu,Ping Zhu
Iron alginate is chosen as an eco-friendly synergist to improve the flame retardancy, smoke suppression, and mechanical properties of epoxy resin/ammonium polyphosphate composites (EP/APP). The suitable additive amount of iron alginate further enhances the char-forming ability in the higher-temperature range and flame retardancy of EP/APP. EP/APP 9.0 -iron alginate 1.0 retains a char residue of 33.3% at 700 °C and obtains a limiting oxygen index value of 28.4% and vertical burning test (UL-94) V-0 rating, while EP/APP 10 has no UL-94 rating. The burning behaviors of EP/APP 9.0 -iron alginate 1.0 are also suppressed; and the total smoke production value is much lower than that of EP/APP 10 . EP/APP 9.0 -iron alginate 1.0 releases less smoke and flammable fragments. The suitable additive amount of iron alginate boosts the mechanical properties of EP/APP, while APP destroys the mechanical properties of EP. Therefore, the addition of suitable amount of iron alginates can further reduce the fire hazard, and improve the mechanical properties of EP/APP composites.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
火灾安全工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
危险品化学品经营许可证（带存储）