JOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE
·
2026
·
IF 3.1
Chen Peng,Chengjie Li,Ennan Shi,Chao Gao,Jiahe Yu,Xiaoxing Zhang,Yunjian Wu
Epoxy resin is widely used in electrical and electronic applications because of its excellent electrical insulation and mechanical strength. However, its three-dimensional crosslinked network makes end-of-life components difficult to recycle. Reprocessable thermosetting epoxy resins (vitrimers) provide a pathway toward circular utilization but still suffer from incomplete interfacial healing and property deterioration during hot-press recycling. To enhance recycled-material performance, this study proposes a triethanolamine (TEOA)-induced interfacial reinforcement strategy. The results demonstrate that TEOA reduces the transesterification energy barrier and accelerates interfacial network reconstruction by forming multiple hydrogen bonds with pendant hydroxyl groups and ester linkages in the epoxy network. The recycled samples exhibit improved interfacial bonding, electrical insulation performance, and mechanical properties. At 10 MPa, TEOA increases the breakdown strength by 9.4%, reduces the dielectric loss at 50 Hz by 18.1%, and increases the tensile strength by 7.5%. Relative to the pristine epoxy vitrimer, the 5 wt% TEOA-containing recycled sample processed at 200°C and 10 MPa for 2 h retains 95.6% of the breakdown strength and 96.1% of the tensile strength. These results demonstrate that TEOA-assisted interfacial modification promotes dynamic covalent network reorganization and improves property recovery during epoxy vitrimer recycling.
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DOI
高影响因子
POLYMER
·
2026
·
IF 5.1
Mei-Juan Xie,Ying-Qiao He,Ying Yang,Jun-Yan Li,Shi-Qi Li,Yun-Xiang Xu
Incorporating dynamic covalent networks into thermoplastic elastomers has emerged as a promising strategy for developing recyclable rubbery materials, yet such systems still suffer from pronounced creep and permanent deformation. Moreover, in most reported systems, the polystyrene(PS)microphase-separated morphology is inherited from conventional block copolymer architectures and remains largely uncontrolled, allowing thermoplastic domains to reorganize or relax under stress and elevated temperatures. Here, we report a series of asymmetric poly(myrcene)-poly(isoprene)-poly(styrene-isoprene) (PMIS) triblock copolymers that integrate vitrimer networks with deliberately constrained PS microphases. Epoxidation of both side chains and backbone segments followed by dynamic ester crosslinking generates a heterogeneous distribution of exchangeable bonds, while partial incorporation of polyisoprene (PI) segments into PS-rich blocks restricts PS microphase separation and domain mobility. This molecular design enables cooperative regulation of PS phase stability and dynamic network rearrangement, rather than treating them as independent structural elements. As a result, the resulting elastomers exhibit significantly suppressed creep over a broad temperature range (30-120 °C) while maintaining stress relaxation and recyclability characteristic of vitrimer systems. By systematically varying PS content, this work elucidates how constraining thermoplastic microphase separation within dynamic covalent networks provides an effective pathway to regulate viscoelastic behavior and dimensional stability, offering molecular-level insight into the design of recyclable elastomers beyond conventional vitrimer-modified thermoplastic elastomers.
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高影响因子
POLYMER DEGRADATION AND STABILITY
·
2022
·
IF 5.204
Di Zhang,Weihong Cao,Zhenghong Guo,Hongqiang Yan,Zhengping Fang,Peng Chen,Juan Li
A vitrimer is a kind of polymer with a dynamic network that has received extensive attention. An epoxy monomer containing a phosphonate group (E) has been used to endow a vitrimer with flame retardancy. 1, 4-cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid (CA) was used as a diacid monomer. Dodecanedioic acid (DA) containing a long aliphatic chain was used as a third monomer to regulate the structure and properties of the vitrimer. The flame retardant properties were investigated using UL-94 vertical combustion, limiting oxygen index (LOI). The results showed that the E/1C/2D vitrimer containing CA/DA (mole ratio1:2) displays a UL-94 V-0 rating and a LOI value of 31%. Furthermore, the vitrimers possesse excellent recyclable and multiple shape memory performance. The E/1C/2D vitrimer may be structurally modified rapidly via transesterification reaction between an ester and neighboring β‑hydroxy groups at 170 °C. The recycling efficiency is nearly 100%. The tensile strength and modulus of E/1C/2D may be as high as 97 MPa and 2173 MPa, respectively. The tensile strength is not significantly decreased as a consequence of two reformation events. A simple method for the regulation of the flame retardancy and mechanical properties of vitrimers has been demonstrated.
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高影响因子
Polymers
·
2023
·Vol. 15
·期 13
·2839
·
IF 5
Wenlong Shao,Tongbing Li,Fei Xiao,Fubin Luo,Yong Qiu,Yanyan Liu,Bihe Yuan,Kaiyuan Li
Epoxy vitrimers appear as a promising alternative to common epoxy thermoset composites. Nevertheless, the possibilities of applying these materials are limited due to their high flammability which may cause high fire risks. To date, the flame-retardant epoxy vitrimer systems reported in the literature almost all rely on intrinsic flame retardancy to achieve high fire safety; however, the complex and expensive synthesis process hinders their large-scale application. In this work, disulfide-based epoxy vitrimer (EPV) was fabricated with 4, 4′-dithiodianiline as the curing agent, and microencapsulated ammonium polyphosphate (MFAPP) was employed as a potential additive flame retardant to improve their fire retardancy. As a comparative study, common epoxy (EP) composites were also prepared using 4,4′-diaminodiphenylmethane as the curing agent. The results showed that the introduction of dynamic disulfide bonds led to a reduction in the initial thermal decomposition temperature of EPV by around 70 °C compared to EP. Moreover, the addition of 7.5 wt.% of MFAPP endowed EP with excellent fire performance: the LOI value was as high as 29.9% and the V-0 rating was achieved in the UL-94 test (3.2 mm). However, under the same loading, although EPV/MFAPP7.5% showed obvious anti-dripping performance, it did not reach any rating in the UL-94 test. The flame-retardant mechanisms in the condensed phase were evaluated using SEM-EDS, XPS, and Raman spectroscopy. The results showed that the residue of EPV/MFAPP7.5% presented numerous holes during burning, which failed to form a continuous and dense char layer as a physical barrier resulting in relatively poor flame retardancy compared to EP/MFAPP7.5%.Keywords:fire retardant;epoxy vitrimers;thermal stability;microencapsulated ammonium polyphosphate
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PubMed
高影响因子
ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS
·
2021
·Vol. 31
·期 13
·2009017
·
IF 18.808
Wenbin Niu,Xianfei Cao,Yunpeng Wang,Bowen Yao,Yusen Zhao,Jie Cheng,Suli Wu,Shufen Zhang,Ximin He
Vitrimers, with their unique dynamic covalent bonds, possess attractive self-healability and mechanical robustness, providing an intriguing opportunity to construct functional soft materials. However, their potential for function recovery, especially optical function, is underexplored. Harnessing the synergistic effect of photonic crystals and vitrimers, a novel photonic vitrimer with light regulating and self-healing capabilities is presented. The resulting photonic vitrimer exhibits a large tensile strain (>1000%), high toughness (21.2 kJ m −3 ), bright structural color, and mechanochromism. Notably, the structural color remains constant even after 10 000 stretching/releasing cycles, showing superior mechanical stability, creep-resistance, and excellent durability. More importantly, the exchange of dynamic covalent bonds imparts the photonic vitrimer with a self-healing ability (>95% efficiency), enabling the recovery of its optical function. Benefiting from the above merits, the photonic vitrimer has been successfully used as a sensor for human motion detection, which demonstrates visualized interactive sensibility even after self-repairing. This material design provides a general strategy for optical functionalization of vitrimers. The photonic vitrimer elastomers present great potential as resilient functional soft materials for diverse flexible devices and a novel optical platform for soft robotics, smart wearable devices, and human-machine interaction.
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高影响因子
ACS Applied Polymer Materials
·
2024
·
IF 4.4
Liuping Jin,Wei Zhao,Zihao Feng,Yi Zhao,Yixin Zhang,Ni Chen,Yonghao Ni
Vitrimers, a unique polymer with dynamic covalent bond networks, have gained considerable attention in the past decade due to their potential to promote sustainable development in polymer materials. Since their first report in 2011, a series of efficient reactions have been explored for vitrimer synthesis. However, implementation of these reactions to generate vitrimers with specific structures, such as microspheres, foam, and aerogels, for targeted applications has received limited attention. Herein, we report a facile and efficient method for synthesizing poly(hydroxyurethane) (PHU) vitrimer microspheres using a synergistic combination of liquid–liquid microphase separation and polymerization-induced microphase separation. The approach employs multifunctional amines and cyclic carbonates as reactants, instead of highly toxic isocyanates, and does not require additional catalysts, surfactants, and stabilizers. Furthermore, a green and recyclable solvent, γ-valerolactone, serves as the reaction medium. More importantly, we demonstrate that PHU microspheres can be directly synthesized in cellulose-based fabrics, such as nonwoven cotton tissue and woven cotton cloth, resulting in sponge-like PHU@fabric hybrid materials with a promising application in moisture-enabled electric generation. This study demonstrates a fast and efficient way to access vitrimer microspheres and simultaneously opens an application of vitrimer materials in the field of green energy harvesting.
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高影响因子
POLYMER TESTING
·
2024
·
IF 5
Hechen Liu,Chang Liu,Yunpeng Liu,Yuzhe Jiang,Xinyang Li,Yining Bai
Petroleum-based epoxy resin is commonly used in electrical equipment due to its outstanding performance and affordability. However, its non-melting characteristics present challenges for recycling, leading to significant resource waste and environmental pollution. To address this issue, this study prepared and synthesized a kind of vitrimer epoxy resin polymer material based on disulfide bonds with 2,2′-Diaminodiphenyl disulphide as the curing agent. The research investigated the impact of the curing agent ratio on the resin's structure and properties. The resin was mechanically recovered through hot pressing at high temperature and pressure, and its chemical degradation and recovery were achieved via the reduction reaction of the thiol and disulfide bond. The findings revealed that a curing agent to epoxy group material ratio of 0.75 improved the resin system's electrothermal properties. The electrical insulation property retention rate after hot pressing recovery reached 95 %, with a mechanical property retention rate of 85 %. The disulfide bonds can be reoxidized and crosslinked to realize the recovery and reuse of vitrimer resin degradation solution. Vitrimer epoxy resin based on disulfide bonds is a significant way to realize the environmental protection of epoxy electrical equipment.
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高影响因子
JOURNAL OF POLYMERS AND THE ENVIRONMENT
·
2025
·
IF 5
Wang Shiyu,Gao Shiji,Zhang Xuanwei,Li Xiaopei,Zhang Yongjie
Vitrimers possess the dual advantages of thermoplastics and thermosets, combining reprocessability with excellent mechanical property, heat resistance, and solvent resistance. Ethylene acrylic acid copolymer (EAA) is a widely used semicrystalline thermoplastic that suffers from low Vicat softening point and poor creep resistance. Previously, we demonstrated a simple, efficient and scalable avenue to EAA derived vitrimer with excellent creep resistance and reprocessability. Yet the overall mechanical properties were suboptimal. In order to address this issue, dual cross-linked EAA vitrimers, namely, EAA-GDE-ZnO (GDE and ZnO represent ethylene glycol diglycidyl ether and zinc oxide, respectively), based on dynamic β-hydroxy ester covalent bonds and zinc carboxylate ionic bonds were designed and prepared through a simple and one-step reactive blending approach starting from low-cost commercial grade raw materials. The formation of covalent and ionic cross-linking networks were evidenced by torque rheometer, FTIR, and gel fraction testing. DMA tests demonstrated that clear rubbery plateaus for EAA-GDE-ZnO showed up above the melting temperature, serving as a hallmark that distinguishes vitrimer from its thermoplastic precursor. Meanwhile, EAA-GDE-ZnO exhibited excellent creep resistance even at elevated temperatures. The mechanical properties of dual cross-linked EAA-GDE-ZnO were significantly enhanced compared to its single cross-linked counterpart. Owing to the dynamic features of β-hydroxy ester and zinc carboxylate cross-linkages, the mechanical properties of EAA-GDE-ZnO were well maintained after 3 times reprocessing, proving the excellent (re)processability of EAA-GDE-ZnO.
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高影响因子
INDUSTRIAL & ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY RESEARCH
·
2025
·
IF 3.9
Chaobo Jiang,Haonan Yan,Ce Wang,Shilong Zhang,Yanling Zhu,Hua Deng,Yongsheng Zhao,Guangcheng Zhang
The incorporation of dynamic covalent bonds (DCBs) has transformed thermoplastic elastomers into vitrimers. However, it still remains a challenge to solve the trade-off between mechanical properties and processability of vitrimer-like elastomers. In this work, poly(styrene–butadiene-styrene) (SBS) vitrimer with dual dynamic networks were prepared through thiol–ene click chemistry and reactive processing. By grafting 3-mercaptopropionic acid (MPA) onto SBS and subsequent cross-linking with zinc oxide and BDB, dynamic networks with zinc ion(Zn2+) coordination and dynamic boronic ester bonds were established. The structure and mechanical performance could be tailored by adjusting the ratio of the two networks. When increasing Zn2+ coordination bonds along with fixed BDB content, the gel content of SBS vitrimers varies from 30.62% to 69.54%. The dual-network sample demonstrated a synergistic effect with the highest elongation at break (526.41%) and a tensile strength of 13.40 MPa, outperforming single-network samples. All the SBS vitrimers show Arrhenius-type stress relaxation behavior, and the activation energy for dynamic bond exchange energy (Ea) of SBS with dual dynamic network was 76.69 kJ/mol. After three reprocessing cycles, the elastomer retained over 80% of its original mechanical properties. Therefore, this work offers a promising strategy for fabricating elastomers with excellent mechanical performance and recyclability, which is expected to have a significant impact on the design and preparation of high-performance elastomers.
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高影响因子
ACS Applied Nano Materials
·
2025
·
IF 5.5
Runying Gao,Qingyun Zhao,Birong Zeng,Xinyu Liu,Yiting Xu,Conghui Yuan,Lizong Dai
Water-soluble poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) faces challenges in fabricating cross-linking networks with high strength and good reversibility. Herein, a strategy of nanocross-linker was proposed utilizing phenylboronic acid-functionalized carbon dots (B-CDs) to construct high-performance PVA vitrimers. The engineered B-CDs, with precisely controlled nanoscale dimensions (2.4–5.6 nm) and abundant surface functional groups, enabled synergistic chemical cross-linking and physical interactions. The stress relaxation behavior, mechanical properties, water/ultraviolet (UV) resistance, and fluorescent properties, as well as the detection application, were systemically investigated. The results showed that the prepared PVA/B-CDs vitrimer film with a thickness of 90 ± 10 μm exhibited remarkable mechanical strength in water. Compared with pure PVA film, the tensile strength and Young′s modulus of PVA/B-CDs0.5 increased from 63.89 MPa and 1.56 GPa to 130.40 MPa and 2.80 GPa, respectively. After being soaked in water for 5 days, the PVA/B-CDs0.5 films still retained a mechanical strength of one-fourth of the original value. Moreover, the dynamic borate ester bonds in PVA/B-CDs0.5 could endow the PVA/B-CDs composite film with reprocessing ability under hot-pressing. Additionally, the unique fluorescence of B-CDs caused outstanding UV resistance of the PVA/B-CDs film. Furthermore, the PVA/B-CDs film was found to achieve the detection and quantification of three common food dyes as fluorescent probes: tartrazine, sunset yellow, and amaranth.
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高影响因子
ACS Applied Polymer Materials
·
2026
·Vol. 8
·期 16
·13986-13998
·
IF 5.2
Qi Ruige,Song Fei,Hu Lihong,Xue Yijiao,Bo Caiying,Zhou Yonghong,Zhang Meng
To advance the high-value utilization
of lignin and develop
sustainable
materials for clean energy applications, a fully bioderived polyimine
vitrimer (VL) was synthesized through an energy-efficient room-temperature
process by covalently integrating levulinic acid-modified lignin with
a soybean oil-derived diamine. This design yields a material that
combines robust mechanical properties (toughness: 7.1 MJ/m 3 ) with remarkable self-healing, recycling, and photothermal conversion
capacities. The vitrimer can repair scratches within 10 min at 80
° C and can be fully recycled with ∼90% strength retention
after five reprocessing cycles. These dynamic features are governed
by the cooperative exchange of hydrogen and imine bonds. Furthermore,
the material demonstrates stable and efficient photothermal conversion,
a direct result of the preserved π-conjugated and donor–acceptor
structure of the lignin units. This photothermal capability not only
enables applications such as photothermoelectric generation but also
permits noncontact, light-triggered self-healing. This work transforms
lignin from a byproduct into a core building block for advanced smart
materials, providing a sustainable paradigm for developing multifunctional
systems in energy and wearable technologies.
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高影响因子
RSC Advances
·
2025
·Vol. 15
·期 47
·40231-40244
·
IF 4.6
Zhiwei Chang,Xiaochun Bao,Guimin Yuan,Yuang Ma,Ming Li,Hanjie Ying
The fabrication of eco-friendly bio-based epoxy resins is of critical importance for addressing the excessive consumption of petroleum resources and the release of harmful substances caused by petroleum-based thermosetting epoxy resins. However, the non-recyclability and poor mechanical properties of bio-based epoxy resins hinder their further development and application. Herein, a strong, tough, recyclable, and multifunctional bio-based epoxy vitrimer is prepared using epoxidized soybean oil (ESO) and lignin-based aromatic monomers of vanillyl alcohol, guaiacol, and vanillin. These lignin-based aromatic monomers provide bio-based aromatic building blocks for the synthesis of bisguaiacol F diamine vanillin (BGAV) with dynamic imine bonds, which is employed as a curing agent for ESO to fabricate a bio-based epoxy vitrimer incorporating a dynamic network. The BGAV forms rigid polyaromatic segments in the network to enhance the stability of the polymer, thereby leading to a high mechanical strength of 21.81 MPa for the epoxy vitrimer. Moreover, the hydrogen bonds in the network serve as sacrificial bonds to increase the ability of energy dissipation, thereby resulting in excellent toughness of 27.53 MJ m−3 for the epoxy vitrimer. Additionally, the reversible reconstruction of dynamic imine bonds within the network endows the vitrimer with favorable self-healing properties and recyclability. Furthermore, the vitrimer also exhibits outstanding antibacterial properties, mold resistance, photothermal conversion performance, water resistance, and bonding performance. This work provides an effective approach for the development of recyclable bio-based epoxy resins with exceptional mechanical properties and multifunctionality.
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PubMed
高影响因子
危险品化学品经营许可证（带存储）