EUROPEAN POLYMER JOURNAL
·
2025
·
IF 6.3
Lifan Li,Yanhao Chen,Jiapeng Ye,Deming Zhou,Lingxiao Jing,Zaixing Zhang,Kun Luan,Junjuan Huang,Xin Tang,Tonghua Zhang
With growing environmental awareness and a focus on sustainable development, the recycling and utilization of natural fibers and renewable resources have become critical issues in recent years. Windmill palm fibers (WPFs) are composed of cellulose microfibrils within a matrix of hemicellulose and lignin, which can harbor bacteria and pose a health risk to the wearer in humid environments. They are also highly flammable resulting in safety hazards during industrial production and use. In this study, we used a click chemistry strategy to conduct a surface modification on WPFs. The treated fibers are fire redundant and antibacterial. The treatment includes two steps: first step is delignification and hemicellulose removal followed by silanes treatment; second step is the click chemical reaction with 6-(((1H-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)amino)(4-(allyloxy)phenyl)methyl)dibenzo[c,e][ 1 , 2 ]oxaphosphinine 6-oxide (TAPM-DOPO). The burn tests have proved that TAPM-DOPO plays an important role in condensed phase in flame retardancy of WPFs. The sustained burn time was reduced by 71 s. Furthermore, it exhibited excellent bactericidal activity against both E. coli and S. aureus , the inhibition rate reached 99.9% after chlorination. The technology in this study demonstrates a feasible production of the flame retardant and antibacterial WPFs suitable to large-volume manufacturing of textile product.
研究领域:
材料科学
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纺织工程
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生物技术
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
POLYMER ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE
·
2024
·Vol. 64
·期 7
·3137-3146
·
IF 3.2
Menghua Ma,Qixiang Yang,Tiantian Meng,Yuxin Wei,Yi Pan,Rui Chen
A new fire retardency APD was synthesized successfully by the condensation between 2-aminopyrazine and DOPO, and target product APD was characterized by NMR. Absorption peak at 12.6 ppm in 31 P NMR verified complete consumption of the reactant DOPO and further confirmed the structure of APD. The safety of epoxy resin (EP) in fire disaster was dramatically improved by introduction of APD. Epoxy resin modified with 8% APD succeeded in vertical burning (UL-94) test with V-0 rating and limited oxygen index (LOI) of EP/8% APD was also improved to 33.9%. Cone calorimeter (CC) test further exhibited fire resistant effect of APD on EP in detail. 11.0 g APD reduced total heat release of 100 g EP to 35.1% and reduced total smoke product of 100 g EP to 19.9%. Char residue from CC test of EP/8% APD was analyzed by Raman, XPS, SEM, and FTIR tests. The results of these tests indicated that compact morphology of char residue from EP/8% APD possessed a positive effect in blocking fire spread. Highlights APD was synthesized and fire resistant EP was made. EP/APD acquired outstanding fire resistance and moderate mechanical properties. APD played fire resistant role in gas phase and condensed phase.
研究领域:
材料科学
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化学工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
POLYMERS FOR ADVANCED TECHNOLOGIES
·
2021
·Vol. 32
·期 6
·2508-2516
·
IF 3.665
Tao Zheng,Wengui Wang,Yaochi Liu
In this work, a novel phosphorus–nitrogen flame retardant (CN-DOPO), which was successfully prepared via a facile method of graphitic carbon nitride (g-C 3 N 4 ) and 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO). Polyamide 6 (PA6) composites were then prepared through melt blending with different ratios of g-C 3 N 4 /DOPO and different contents of CN-DOPO. CN-DOPO was characterized and confirmed using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectra (FTIR), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). PA6/CN-DOPO composites were investigated by limiting oxygen index (LOI), vertical combustion (UL-94), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and thermogravimetric analysis-infrared spectrometry (TGA-IR). The results indicated LOI value was increased from 23.4% to 29.2% and successfully passed UL-94 V-0 rating when the presence of CN-DOPO increased to 15 wt%. Moreover, mechanical properties of PA6/CN-DOPO composites had not deteriorated significantly due to CN-DOPO having better dispersion and compatibility in PA6. The morphological of char layer revealed that CN-DOPO formed a highly integrated char layer surface during the combustion process, as compared to that of pure PA6. Meanwhile, CN-DOPO decomposed to release gases could inhibit decomposition by diluting flammable volatiles. Accordingly, the special gas-condensed phase synergistic flame-retardant mechanism of PA6/CN-DOPO was proposed. This work indicated that CN-DOPO could endow PA6 with highly effective flame-retardant and good mechanical performance.
研究领域:
材料科学
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高分子化学
✓ 已验证
DOI
高影响因子
POLYMER DEGRADATION AND STABILITY
·
2025
·
IF 7.4
Xin Li,Zhendong Huang,Ruiyang Dou,Qiang Liu,Wei Huang,Chunxia Zhao,Jianguo Deng,Hongbing Chen
Aerogels hold great promise for various applications. However, conventional aerogels exhibit low hydrophobicity, making them prone to moisture absorption in humid environments, which adversely affects their thermal insulation and mechanical performance. In this study, we introduce an innovative approach to solve this problem by utilizing polycarbonate waste as raw materials to fabricate waterproof aerogels towards external thermal insulation. The incorporation of DOPO-MMT not only accelerates gelation and enhances mechanical strength but also imparts self-extinguishing behavior during combustion. The obtained aerogel possesses a super high static contact angle exceeding 160°, which enables the aerogel to maintain a stable thermal conductivity of 0.039 W m⁻¹ K⁻¹ even after a 7-day immersion in water. Notably, the aerogel retains its hydrophobicity under harsh conditions, including exposure to strong acids and bases. This approach of using waste materials to manufacture aerogels demonstrates the potential of recycled materials in the development of high-performance materials, offering a new technological pathway to address plastic pollution and enhance industrial energy efficiency. This method provides promising application prospects for future insulation materials, particularly suitable for fields such as construction, aerospace, and automotive industries, where high demands are placed on waterproofing, flame retardancy, and mechanical performance.
研究领域:
材料科学
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环境科学
·
化学工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
JOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE
·
2021
·Vol. 139
·期 8
·51688
·
IF 3.125
Qibin Xu,Shengchang Zhang,Zexi Su,Dazhe Li,Shuheng Liang,Bo Li,Tingting Lian,Xiangpu Qin,Mengjin Jiang,Pengqing Liu
9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO) and DOPO derivatives had always been regarded as main candidates for improving the flame retardancy of epoxy resin (EP). In this paper, a novel reactive flame retardant DOPOMAH was synthesized from the reaction between DOPO and cis-butenedioic anhydride (MAH), thereafter acted as a co-curing agent for EP to remarkably improve the flame retardancy of matrix. The effects of DOPOMAH and DOPO on comprehensive performance of EP were systematically investigated and compared through dynamic mechanical analysis, mechanical performance testing, limiting oxygen index (LOI), vertical burning (UL-94), and cone calorimetry test. These results indicated that the excellent dispersion of DOPOMAH in EP makes the EP modified by DOPOMAH has good mechanical properties. When the content of phosphorus is 2.0 wt%, compared with the EP modified by DOPO (ED), the LOI of the EP modified by DOPOMAH (EDM) increased from 30.6% to 32.8%, and the UL-94 was also improved from no rating to V-0. Meanwhile, the peak heat release rate of EDM was only 51% of that of pure EP, which was slightly less than that of ED. Finally, a flame-retardant mechanism comparison between DOPOMAH and DOPO was discussed in detail to reveal the reasons why the flame reatardant effect of DOPOMAH was better than that of DOPO.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
化学工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
POLYMER DEGRADATION AND STABILITY
·
2023
·
IF 5.9
Jiexiang Ren,Guichun Yang,Xiaocong Deng,Shengchao Huang,Cuifen Lu
A reactive flame retardant (HLD) is prepared for epoxy (EP) resin using tryptamine (PTM), 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phospha-phenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO), and vanillin (VN) as reaction monomers. The effects of HLD on the thermal stability, mechanical characteristics, and flame resistance of the EP are evaluated. When 7 wt.% of HLD (only 0.43 wt.% of phosphorus) is added to pure EP, the thermal breakdown rate of the resulting EP/HLD7 composite is lowered by 28 %, and its coke output at 700 °C is raised by 45 %. In the cone calorimeter test (CCT), the peak heat release rate (PHRR), total heat release (THR), total smoke production (TSP), and average effective thermal combustion (av-EHC) of the EP/HLD7 decrease by 52.1 %, 24.8 %, 25.1 %, and 34.0 %, respectively, compared to those of pure EP. A high limited oxygen index (31.86 %) and a V-0 rating in the UL-94 test are also achieved for EP/HLD7. The flame-retardancy mechanism is studied using thermogravimetric analysis/infrared spectroscopy (TG-IR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The quenching effect of phosphorus-containing radicals, the dilution effect of noncombustible gases, and the impeding effect of the carbon layer in the condensed phase contributed collectively to the excellent flame-retardancy of EP/HLD7.
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
POLYMER ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE
·
2020
·Vol. 60
·期 11
·2804-2813
·
IF 1.917
Cong Xie,Fan Leng,Zhen Dong,Weilin Xu,Mengjiao Zhu,Kangjun Xie,Jifu Du,Long Zhao
Two novel flame retardant and anti-dripping PE films were successfully synthesized in three steps. PE-g-GMA film was first prepared by simultaneous electron beam irradiation to graft glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) onto PE film. 4,4′-[1,4-phenyl-bis(9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-yl)dimethyneimino)]diphenol (DOPO-t) and 4,4′-[1,3-phenyl-bis (9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-yl)dimethyneimino)]diphenol (DOPO-m) were then fabricated via a one-pot method. Finally, two DOPO derivative functionalized PE films were obtained through the ring opening reactions of PE-g-GMA film with DOPO-t and DOPO-m, respectively. Combustion properties, flame retardancy, thermal performance, and thermal shrinkage of these films were evaluated. Compared with pure PE film, the burning rate of anti-dripping DOPO-t/DOPO-m functionalized PE films was reduced by 13.2% and 50.0%, and the limiting oxygen index value climbed to 18.5 and 19.5, respectively. The residual chars from DOPO-t/DOPO-m functionalized PE films at 700°C were increased, and the shrinkage ratio decreased remarkably, which could effectively prevent the spread of fire. We also discussed the effect of structural difference between DOPO-t and DOPO-m on the above properties and the flame retardant mechanism of two DOPO derivative functionalized PE films preliminarily. This work provides a method for introducing DOPO derivatives into PE molecules to improve their flame retardancy and anti-dripping properties.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
化学工程
✓ 已验证
DOI
高影响因子
Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers
·
2021
·
IF 5.876
Jiali Huang,Xin Wang,Wenwen Guo,Haoxin Niu,Lei Song,Yuan Hu
Background Eco-friendly thermally insulating cellulose aerogels made from environmentally friendly resources are very attractive in materials chemistry, but the high flammability limits their application. Method Herein, a novel phosphorus-containing flame retardant modifying agent (DOPO-IA) was incorporated into the cellulose nanofiber aerogel and the cellulose composite aerogels were prepared by esterification and followed by a freeze-drying process. Findings The thermal conductivity of the resultant cellulose composite aerogels was in the range of 28.6–31.2 mW/(mK). Meanwhile, the cellulose aerogels modified with DOPO-IA showed significantly enhanced thermal stability, mechanical property, and flame retardant performance compared with the pure cellulose aerogel. The CNF-DI-3 showed a high char residue (19.8 wt%) at 700 °C, which was 187% higher than CNF. Specifically, CNF-DI-3 exhibited remarkable reductions in its PHRR and THR values which were 67% and 60%, respectively, as compared to those of CNF. In summary, it is of significance to synthesize mechanically robust and flame-retardant cellulose aerogels.
研究领域:
材料化学
·
环境科学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
Polymers
·
2020
·Vol. 12
·期 2
·317
·
IF 3.426
Liang Li,Zaisheng Cai
In this study, a flame-retardant additive with 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO) groups denoted DSD was successfully synthesized from DOPO, 4,4′-diaminodiphenyl sulfone (DDS), and salicylaldehyde. The chemical structure of DSD was characterized by FTIR–ATR, NMR, and elemental analysis. DSD was used as an amine curing agent, and the transparent, tensile strength-enhanced epoxy resins named EP–DSD were prepared via thermal curing reactions among the diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA), 4,4′-diaminodiphenylmethane (DDM), and DSD. The flame-retardancy of composites was studied by the limiting oxygen index (LOI) and UL-94 test. The LOI values of EP–DSD composites increased from 30.7% for a content of 3 wt % to 35.4% for a content of 9 wt %. When the content of DSD reached 6 wt %, a V-0 rating under the UL-94 vertical test was achieved. SEM photographs of char residues after the UL-94 test indicate that an intumescent and tight char layer with a porous structure inside was formed. The TGA results revealed that EP–DSD thermosets decomposed ahead of time. The graphitization degree of the residual chars was also investigated by laser Raman spectroscopy. The measurement of tensile strength at breaking point shows that the loading of DSD increases the tensile strength of epoxy thermosets. Py-GC/MS analysis shows the presence of phosphorus fragments released during EP–DSD thermal decomposition, which could act as free radical inhibitors in the gas phase. Owing to the promotion of the formation of intumescent and compact char residues in the condensed phase and nonflammable phosphorus fragments formed from the decomposition of DOPO groups, EP–DSD composites displayed obvious flame-retardancy.Keywords:thermosets;amine curing agent;DOPO derivatives;mechanical properties;epoxy resins
研究领域:
材料科学
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化学工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
ChemistrySelect
·
2022
·Vol. 7
·期 43
·e202202905
·
IF 2.307
Yazhen Wang,Qing Yang,Liwu Zu,Shaobo Dong,Tianyu Lan
Graphical In this work, we successfully prepared PAM-b-DOPOAA block copolymers using the ATRP method. The analysis showed that the ATRP method can regulate the chain segment length and ratio of the resulting polymer with a narrow molecular weight distribution. The prepared block copolymers can be used as a good flame retardant antistatic agent. Polyacrylamide has been a hot topic of research in recent years, however, the preparation of block copolymers of polyacrylamide using ATRP method has been little studied. In this paper, polyacrylamide with reactive group bromine (PAM−Br) was synthesized by atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) using acrylamide (AM) as the monomer and water as the solvent, and polyacrylamide was used as the macromolecular initiator for the next reaction step. Then 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphafi-10-oxide (DOPO) was organically modified to obtain acrylate monomers with DOPO functional groups (DOPOAA), and a mixture of water and N, N-dimethylformamide (DMF) was used as the solvent to obtain PAM-b-DOPOAA block copolymers with controllable molecular mass and narrow molecular mass distribution. The effects of the molecular mass of the macromolecular initiator, polymerization time, and the molar ratio of catalyst to the ligand on the polymerization process were investigated. The structure and properties of the products were also characterized by 1 H-NMR, FTIR, XPS, DSC, TG, etc. The PAM-b-DOPOAA prepared by ATRP method can artificially design the length and ratio of the two chain segments, realizing one additive with two functions and the permanent existence of the function of polymer additives.
研究领域:
高分子化学
·
材料科学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
POLYMERS FOR ADVANCED TECHNOLOGIES
·
2020
·Vol. 32
·期 1
·294-303
·
IF 2.578
Lei Li,Shan Li,Hao Wang,Zongmin Zhu,Xianze Yin,Jiawei Mao
In this work, a DOPO-based imidazolone derivative named DHI was synthesized using DOPO, 5-amino-2-benzimidazolinone and 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde as raw materials. The chemical structure of DHI was characterized by 1 H-NMR, 31 P-NMR and Fourier transform infrared spectra (FTIR). Then, a series of different flame-retardant epoxy resin (EP) thermosets were prepared by mixing flame retardant DHI. The thermal properties of the cured EPs was investigated by thermogravimetry analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), and the results showed the thermal stability and glass transition temperature ( T g ) of the cured EP modified with DHI declined slightly compared with that of neat EP. The limited oxygen index (LOI) and UL94 test results exhibited DHI imparted good flame retardancy to EP. The EP-4 (phosphorus content of 1.25%) possessed a LOI value of 36.5% and achieved a V-0 rating. Furthermore, the peak of heat release rate (PHRR) and total heat release rate (THR) of EP-4 decreased by 38.7% and 24.5%, respectively. Excitedly, the total smoke production (TSP) of EP-4 sample declined by 62.5%, which meant DHI also made EP obtain excellent smoke suppression property. Moreover, the flame-retardant mechanism was studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS). It was reasonable inferred that DHI could not only promote EP to form dense char layer in condensed phase, but also restrain combustion in gaseous phase through catching the free radicals sourced from the degradation of EP.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
化学工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
POLYMER DEGRADATION AND STABILITY
·
2019
·
IF 3.78
Peng Wang,Lei Chen,Hang Xiao,Tonghui Zhan
Improving the flame retardancy of epoxy resin will greatly expand its application in the fields requiring flame retardancy. Herein, a nitrogen/sulfur-containing DOPO based oligomer (SFG) for highly efficient flame-retardant epoxy resin was successfully synthesized via a facile one-pot method with DOPO, sulfaguanidine and p -phthalaldehyde. The incorporation of SFG accelerated the cross-linking reaction of epoxy system and improved the tensile strength , flame retardancy and fire safety of epoxy thermoset . SFG showed high flame-retardant efficiency due to the synergism among nitrogen, sulfur and phosphorus. With only 0.38 wt% phosphorus content, the corresponding epoxy thermoset achieved an LOI value of 32.8%, passed UL-94 V-0 rating and possessed lower fire growth rate and total heat release in cone calorimeter test in comparison with neat thermoset. SFG exerted dual flame-retardant effect not only by diluting oxygen and combustible volatiles and quenching active radicals, but also by promoting the formation of thermal insulating char layer with honeycombed cavity inside. Moreover, the appearance of blowing out phenomenon during combustion was disclosed that the intensive release of gases blew out the flame based on the dilution and quenching effects when the inner gas pressure was sufficient to break through the char layer.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
化学工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
危险品化学品经营许可证（带存储）