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Interfacial effect has attracted increasing interest as the inherent asymmetric environment of a gas–liquid interface leads to different chemical and physical properties between this region and the bulk phase, resulting in enhanced chemical processes, specific reactions, and mass transfer at the interface. Photochemical vapor generation (PVG) is regarded as a simple and green sample introduction method in atomic spectrometry. However, the photochemical behavior of elements with the interface is not known. Herein, we report the PVG of elements at the gas–liquid interface along with a possible mechanism investigated for the first time. Enhancement and/or suppression effects from the gas–liquid interface were observed on the PVG of 17 elements, which was correlated with the properties of analytes and the generated intermediate substances/products of PVG and the applied conditions. Enhancement from 1.1- to 7.3-fold in analytical sensitivity was found for 12 elements in the system with gas–liquid interface(s) compared to the results obtained in previous reports of PVG using traditional flow injection with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry measurement. The introduction of gas–liquid interface(s) and the resultant elevated temperature inside the PVG reactor likely facilitated the generation of radicals, the subsequent radical-based reactions, and the separation/transport/detection of volatile species of elements. In contrast, intermediate substances/products generated in PVG with poor thermostability will readily decompose at elevated temperatures, leading to a decreased signal response of analytes. The finding is helpful to understand the transport of elements under UV irradiation in the environment and has potential for analysis of trace elements in environmental and biological samples.
Along with the revolution of the Internet of Things (IoT), smart, flexible, easily fabricated, and highly sensitive gas sensors are essential for many portable electronics. In this study, a wearable NO2 sensor based on a nanomesh structure woven with Ti3C2Tx microflakes and Bi2S3 nanobelts operated at room temperature was successfully designed and prepared. The effects of the mass ratio between two materials on the performance were evaluated. Bi2S3 nanobelts embedded inside accordion-like Ti3C2Tx provide large specific surface areas and abundant active sites for the adsorption of NO2 molecules. Attributed to the high conductivity of Ti3C2Tx, the carriers generated in the sensitive layers are easily transmitted during sensing, thus significantly reducing the response and recovery times. The sensor based on the nanomesh containing 30 wt % Ti3C2Tx exhibits excellent sensing performance, fast response/recovery rates, and high stability even in arbitrary deformed shape conditions. Upon exposure to 1 ppm NO2, the response of the sensor is 12.67, and the response/recovery times are 5/28 s, respectively. A stable sensing performance can be maintained after 1500 cycles of deformation. This work demonstrates a simple but reliable manufacturing strategy of wearable gas sensors for the next generation of IoT monitoring network-linking human activities.
As a host molecular cyclotriveratrylene (CTV) possesses a crown (bowl-shaped) conformation and has an electron-rich cavity. In this study, we synthesized a hydroxyl-functionalized CTV (CTV-C10-OH) and, for the first time, employed it as a stationary phase for gas chromatography (GC), (CTV-OH, commercial HP-5 and HP-35 columns were selected as reference columns). The CTV-C10-OH capillary column (0.25 mm, i.d.) showed moderate polarity, with a column efficiency of 1857 plates/m determined using n-octanol. We investigated the separation ability and retention behavior of CTV-C10-OH by series of homologous compounds (n-alkanes, esters, 1-bromoalkanes, ketones, and n-alcohols), a mixture of 17 aromatic analytes and a mixture of 26 analytes. Furthermore, on the CTV-C10-OH column, baseline separation was achieved for six pairs of positional isomers (trimethylbenzene, dimethylnaphthalenes, nitrobenzaldehydes, dichlorobenzaldehyde, trichlorobenzenes, and xylenols). Finally, the detection of isomeric impurities in real samples provides strong evidence for the feasibility of GC analysis.
Textured ceramics with anisotropic ionic conductivity are poised to establish superior ion transport pathways in solid-state electrochemical devices. However, their preparation methods remain a challenge. Here, we develop a gas-solid reactive sintering technique that successfully fabricates a variety of textured lithium ceramics, including electrolyte and electrode materials. These textured lithium ceramic electrolytes exhibit large columnar grains perpendicular to the surface. The textured electrodes indicate an out-of-plane crystallographic texture. As a result, the Li-ion transport pathways across the grain boundary plane are avoided in the textured lithium ceramic with low tortuosity, resulting in great ionic conductivity enhancement by 42 times compared to its traditional equiaxed counterpart. In addition, both Monte Carlo simulation and finite element analysis support the experimental results. This innovative gas-solid reactive sintering technique can extend to prepare various structured and functional ceramics with tailored structures and properties.
Resistive sensors are widely used to detect gases, but integrating magnetoresistive effects for enhanced selectivity and sensitivity remains largely unexplored. Here we have investigated several magnetic materials in a metal oxide semiconductor (MOS) sensor, showing that iron oxides can exhibit both positive and negative magnetoresponses at relatively low operating temperatures (120–160 °C), with no simple correlation between magnetoresponse and bulk magnetization, leading to the discovery of La0.8FeO3 as an outstanding material for magnetoresistive gas sensing. Under a 0.9 T magnetic field, La0.8FeO3 shows a 134% increase in response to 40 ppm of NO2 in air. The paramagnetism of oxygen gas is found to provide a substantial magnetosensing contribution, as the use of nitrogen as the background gas diminishes the magnetoresponse of La0.8FeO3 by a factor of 3. Our findings establish magnetic field modulation as a powerful strategy for tuning gas sensor performance, opening new directions in sensing technologies.
The selective detection of propane gas molecules using semiconductor gas sensors has always been a challenge within research. In this study, we successfully synthesized a γ-Fe2O3nanomaterial with a selective catalytic effect on propane and loaded it onto a ZnO sensing material to construct a double-layer microsensor, which showed good sensing response characteristics in the detection of the refrigerant R290 (which is mainly propane). In addition, we also prepared a series of iron oxides, including nanomaterials such as α-Fe2O3, Fe3O4, and FeO, as well as γ-Fe2O3materials with different specific surface areas obtained at various processing temperatures, and we carried out gas sensing research on R290. The results show that the γ-Fe2O3material has a better sensitivity to R290, and the γ-Fe2O3material calcined at 200 °C shows the best performance. Our results can provide a theoretical basis for the design and optimization of semiconductor gas sensors for alkane detection.
Aqueous rechargeable hydrogen gas batteries have low cost and high safety, which are expected to be used in large-scale energy storage. Here, we design a novel static vanadium-hydrogen gas (V-H) battery by pairing V 3+ /VO 2 + liquid redox cathode with the hydrogen gas anode. The two-electron reactions between V 3+ and VO 2 + in static hydrogen gas batteries is reported for the first time. The V-H battery has a volumetric capacity of 18.1 Ah/L and an energy efficiency of 61 % at a high current density of 500 mA/cm 2 . Moreover, it achieves a high capacity retention of 80 % after 900 cycles and an energy density of 22.6 Wh/L at 300 mA/cm 2 . Finite element simulation proves excellent reversibility of the anode HER/HOR reactions and cathode V 3+ /VO 2 + redox reactions . This study sheds light on the development of cost-effective, high-energy density, long cycle life, liquid-phase cathode hydrogen batteries for large-scale energy storage applications .
Addressing the critical challenge of developing highly sensitive yet energy-efficient gas sensors for hazardous triethylamine (TEA) vapor, this research introduces a novel material design strategy through the strategic doping of yttrium oxide (Y 2 O 3 ) with neodymium (Nd 3+ ). We propose that the ionic radius mismatch of Nd 3+ effectively re-engineer the host lattice, enabling enhanced sensing performance at moderate operating temperatures. The synthesized Nd/Y 2 O 3 nanocomposites were systematically characterized, and the results confirm that Nd incorporation into the Y2O3 lattice promotes crystalline growth and significantly increases the concentration of oxygen vacancies, as evidenced by XRD, XPS, and BET analyses. This combined structural and chemical modification results in a chemiresistive sensor with outstanding performance, including a 17-fold enhancement in response to 100 ppm TEA at 200 °C compared to pristine Y 2 O 3 , along with rapid response-recovery kinetics, excellent selectivity, and reliable long-term stability. The enhanced sensing mechanism is attributed to a synergistic effect in which Nd-induced oxygen vacancies deepen the electron depletion layer, facilitate surface redox reactions, and the optimized nanostructure improves gas diffusion. This work validates Nd/Y 2 O 3 as a promising sensing material and demonstrates the rational rare-earth doping represents an effective strategy for advancing the performance of metal oxide gas sensors.
Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are renowned for their tunable pore sizes and porosity, structural versatility, and diverse application potential. However, achieving self-supported monolithic MOFs with good crystallinity remains a significant challenge for membrane gas separation, which limits their practical applications particularly. In this study, self-supported MOFs m /polymer membranes were prepared using polymer-assisted monolithic MOFs (MOFs m ), i.e., three types of self-supported MOFs m /polymer membranes-UiO-66 m /PDMS, UiO-67 m /PDMS and UiO-66-NH 2 m /PDMS were successfully prepared. A series of characterizations has demonstrated that each self-supported MOFs m /polymer membrane exhibited good crystallinity, eliminated non-selectivity defects and achieved efficient CO 2 /N 2 separation. In addition, the self-supported MOFs m /polymer membranes still exhibit excellent gas separation performance even under high pressure conditions. This study provides a feasible new strategy for realizing monolithic MOFs in the field of membrane gas separation.
Liquid gating membranes with molecular-level smooth liquid lining layers break through the limitations of traditional porous membrane materials in gas transport control. Owing to the stable, self-healing, and reconfigurable properties, liquid gating membranes have shown wide application prospects in microfluidics, intelligent valves, chemical reactions, and beyond. Here, we develop a periodic gas transport control system based on the self-oscillating liquid gating membrane. Under continuous gas injection, the gas–liquid interface is reversibly deformed, enabling self-oscillating behavior for discontinuous and periodic gas transport without the need for any complex external changes to the original system. Meanwhile, our experimental analysis reveals that the periodic time and periodic gas release in the system can be regulated. Based on the cycle stability of the system, we further demonstrate the controllability of the system for periodic droplet manipulation in microfluidics. Looking forward, it will offer new opportunities for various applications, such as pneumatic robots, gas-involved chemical reactions, droplet microfluidics, and beyond.
Electrocatalytic gas consumption reactions (EGCRs), such as the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in fuel cells, are important half-cell reactions in electrochemical devices. The reactivity of active sites and gas diffusion kinetics are key to the performance of EGCRs; however, conventional characterization techniques can hardly give an accurate evaluation of the gas diffusion property and the structure features of gas diffusion electrodes (GDEs) under practical electrochemical working conditions. Here, we evolve a simple bubble pump consumption chronoamperometry (BPCC) method to evaluate the gas diffusion property of GDEs with ORR as a probe reaction via the real-time electrochemical response of a single-bubble injection. Two key parameters of GDE, diffusion coefficient and effective catalytic sites, can be extracted from the fitted diffusion-controlled reaction equation. Measurements of various GDEs under different working conditions demonstrate high accuracy and reliability of the BPCC method, making it a facile and promising evaluation standard for characterizing GDEs.
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