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COLLOIDS AND SURFACES B-BIOINTERFACES · 2023 · IF 5.8

Mannosylated polydopamine nanoparticles alleviate radiation- induced pulmonary fibrosis by targeting M2 macrophages and inhibiting the TGF-β1/Smad3 signaling pathway

Li Shen,Shiyan Fu,Yonglai Chen,Wenrun Li,Suiyi Liu,Zhi Li,Jie Li,Yong Li,Yonghong Ran,Jing Zhang,Lu Qiao,Yuhui Hao

Radiation-induced pulmonary fibrosis (RIPF), one type of pulmonary interstitial diseases, is frequently observed following radiation therapy for chest cancer or accidental radiation exposure. Current treatments against RIPF frequently fail to target lung effectively and the inhalation therapy is hard to penetrate airway mucus. Therefore, this study synthesized mannosylated polydopamine nanoparticles (MPDA NPs) through one-pot method to treat RIPF. Mannose was devised to target M2 macrophages in the lung through CD 206 receptor. MPDA NPs showed higher efficiency of penetrating mucus, cellular uptake and ROS-scavenging than original polydopamine nanoparticles (PDA NPs) in vitro. In RIPF mice, aerosol administration of MPDA NPs significantly alleviated the inflammatory , collagen deposition and fibrosis. The western blot analysis demonstrated that MPDA NPs inhibited TGF-β1/Smad3 signaling pathway against pulmonary fibrosis. Taken together this study provide a novel M2 macrophages-targeting nanodrugs through aerosol delivery for the prevention and targeted treatment for RIPF.

研究领域: 药理学 · 纳米技术 · 肺科学 · 放射生物学 · 治疗学
✓ 已验证 产品关联 DOI PubMed 高影响因子
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CELL PROLIFERATION · 2023 · IF 8.5

Pyruvate kinase M2 regulates kidney fibrosis through pericyte glycolysis during the progression from acute kidney injury to chronic kidney disease

Yulan Chen,Xueyuan Bai,Jianwen Chen,Mengjie Huang,Quan Hong,Qing Ouyang,Xuefeng Sun,Yan Zhang,Jiaona Liu,Xu Wang,Lingling Wu,Xiangmei Chen

We aimed to investigate the role of renal pericyte pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2) in the progression of acute kidney injury (AKI) to chronic kidney disease (CKD). The role of PKM2 in renal pericyte-myofibroblast transdifferentiation was investigated in an AKI-CKD mouse model. Platelet growth factor receptor beta (PDGFRβ)-iCreERT2; tdTomato mice were used for renal pericyte tracing. Western blotting and immunofluorescence staining were used to examine protein expression. An 5-ethynyl-2′-deoxyuridine assay was used to measure renal pericyte proliferation. A scratch cell migration assay was used to analyse cell migration. Seahorse experiments were used to examine glycolytic rates. Enzyme-linked immunoassay was used to measure pyruvate kinase enzymatic activity and lactate concentrations. The PKM2 nuclear translocation inhibitors Shikonin and TEPP-46 were used to alter pericyte transdifferentiation. In AKI-CKD, renal pericytes proliferated and transdifferentiated into myofibroblasts and PKM2 is highly expressed in renal pericytes. Shikonin and TEPP-46 inhibited pericyte proliferation, migration, and pericyte-myofibroblast transdifferentiation by reducing nuclear PKM2 entry. In the nucleus, PKM2 promoted downstream lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA) and glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1) transcription, which are critical for glycolysis. Therefore, PKM2 regulates pericyte glycolytic and lactate production, which regulates renal pericyte-myofibroblast transdifferentiation. PKM2-regulated renal pericyte-myofibroblast transdifferentiation by regulating downstream LDHA and GLUT1 transcription and lactate production. Reducing nuclear PKM2 import can reduce renal pericytes-myofibroblasts transdifferentiation, providing new ideas for AKI-CKD treatment.

研究领域: 肾病学 · 细胞生物学 · 分子生物学
✓ 已验证 DOI PubMed 高影响因子
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CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL · 2022 · IF 16.744

Biomimetic O2 Self-generated hybrid membrane nanoplatform for blocking the polarization towards immunosuppressive M2 macrophage phenotype and enhancing sonodynamics therapy in orthotopic colorectal cancer

Ruo-Yun Zhang,Kai Cheng,Xing Sun,Xiao-Quan Yang,Yong Li,Yong-Guo Hu,Xiao-Shuai Zhang,Bo Liu,Wei Chen,Yuan-Di Zhao,Dong-Sheng Huang

Colorectal cancer is one of the most common intestinal tumors, of which occurrence and development are closely related to immune escape activity in vivo . Then, how to comprehensively block immune escape remains a big challenge for immunotherapy. Thus, a biomimetic nanoprobe [email protected] /hybrid membrane/PA ( [email protected] ) is designed by coating Ce6 loaded ZIF-8 with a hybrid membrane composed of neutrophil membrane (Nm) & red blood cell membrane (Rm), accompanied by palmitoyl ascorbate (PA) to achieve reprogramming of immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) and enhancement of sonodynamics therapy (SDT) in hypoxic tumor. Cell and animal experiments indicate that, the [email protected] probe can specifically target tumor at the inflammatory site, and it can effectively reduce the adsorption of neutrophils, then inhibit the polarization toward immunosuppressive M2 macrophage phenotype. Immunofluorescence staining and ELISA experiments demonstrate that PA and Rm can generate O 2 and significantly improve the hypoxic environment, it enhances the polarization of anti-tumor M1 macrophages and regulate related cytokines, meanwhile improves the therapeutic effect of SDT. The survival rate of mice is elevated to 100% within 60 d. Overall, this O 2 self-generated biomimetic hybrid membrane nanoprobe can block immune escape from various aspects and obtain enhanced SDT effect, then increase the treatment efficiency of inflammatory tumor, significantly improve the prognosis and elevate the survival rate of mice, providing a new idea for the clinical diagnosis and treatment of colitis-associated tumors.

研究领域: 癌症研究 · 纳米技术 · 免疫治疗 · 生物医学工程
✓ 已验证 DOI 高影响因子
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BMC Pharmacology & Toxicology · 2024 ·Vol. 25 ·期 1 ·1-12 · IF 2.8

Blocking group 2 innate lymphoid cell activation and macrophage M2 polarization: potential therapeutic mechanisms in ovalbumin-induced allergic asthma by calycosin

Tian Chunyan,Liu Qi,Zhang Xiaoyu,Li Zhuying

Background Calycosin, a flavonoid compound extracted from Astragalus membranaceus , has shown anti-asthma benefits in house dust mite-induced asthma. Recent studies have suggested that innate-type cells, including group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) and macrophages, serve as incentives for type 2 immunity and targets for drug development in asthma. This work focuses on the effects of calycosin on the dysregulated ILC2s and macrophages in allergic asthma. Methods In vivo, the asthmatic mouse model was established with ovalbumin (OVA) sensitization and challenge, and calycosin was intraperitoneally administered at doses of 20 and 40 mg/kg. In vivo, mouse primary ILC2s were stimulated with interleukin (IL)-33 and mouse RAW264.7 macrophages were stimulated with IL-4 and IL-13 to establish the cell models. Cells were treated with calycosin at doses of 5 and 10 µM. Results In vivo, we observed significantly reduced numbers of eosinophils, neutrophils, monocyte macrophages and lymphocytes in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of OVA-exposed mice with 40 mg/kg calycosin. Histopathological assessment showed that calycosin inhibited the airway inflammation and remodeling caused by OVA. Calycosin markedly decreased the up-regulated IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, IL-33, and suppression tumorigenicity 2 (ST2) induced by OVA in BALF and/or lung tissues of asthmatic mice. Calycosin repressed the augment of arginase 1 (ARG1), IL-10, chitinase-like 3 (YM1) and mannose receptor C-type 1 (MRC1) levels in the lung tissues of asthmatic mice. In vivo, calycosin inhibited the IL-33-induced activation as well as the increase of IL-4, IL-5, IL-13 and ST2 in ILC2s. Calycosin also repressed the increase of ARG1, IL-10, YM1 and MRC1 induced by IL-4 and IL-13 in RAW264.7 macrophages. In addition, we found that these changes were more significant in 40 mg/kg calycosin treatment than 20 mg/kg calycosin. Conclusions Collectively, this study showed that calycosin might attenuate OVA-induced airway inflammation and remodeling in asthmatic mice via preventing ILC2 activation and macrophage M2 polarization. Our study might contribute to further study of asthmatic therapy.

CAS / MDL: 9006-59-1 28718-90-3
研究领域: 免疫学 · 药理学 · 呼吸病学
✓ 已验证 产品关联 DOI PubMed 高影响因子
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Journal of Extracellular Vesicles · 2024 ·Vol. 13 ·期 12 ·e70028 · IF 15.5

Fused extracellular vesicles from M2 macrophages and human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells for the targeted regulation of macrophage pyroptosis in periprosthetic osteolysis

Qimeng Liu,Tianliang Ma,Zheyu Zhang,Jiangyu Nan,Guanzhi Liu,Yute Yang,Yihe Hu,Jie Xie

The development of strategies for the prevention and treatment of aseptic loosening of prostheses stands as a critical area of global research interest. The pyroptosis of local macrophages triggered by wear particles plays a pivotal role in the onset of periprosthetic osteolysis and subsequent loosening. Extracellular vesicles, carrying the surface components and regulatory molecules of their parent cells, embody the cellular characteristics and biological functions of these progenitors. In a pioneering approach to precisely inhibit the pyroptosis of local macrophages induced by wear particles, we have engineered fused extracellular vesicles (fEV) from M 2 macrophages and human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells. These fEV boast the distinctive capability for targeted transport and immune evasion, collectively enhancing the anti‐pyroptosis effect of the therapeutic extracellular vesicles. Our research demonstrates the targeted, significant preventive and therapeutic potential of fEVs against periprosthetic osteolysis prompted by wear particles, highlighting its crucial clinical significance and application prospects. These findings suggest that extracellular vesicle fusion technology heralds a novel paradigm in the design and development of targeted extracellular vesicle‐based drug delivery systems.

研究领域: 骨科 · 细胞生物学 · 再生医学 · 药物递送系统
✓ 已验证 DOI PubMed 高影响因子
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ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces · 2021 · IF 9.229

Mussel-Inspired Surface Immobilization of Heparin on Magnetic Nanoparticles for Enhanced Wound Repair via Sustained Release of a Growth Factor and M2 Macrophage Polarization

Jiang Wu,Junyi Zhu,Qiuji Wu,Ying An,Kangning Wang,Tengxiao Xuan,Junwen Zhang,Wenxiang Song,Huacheng He,Liwan Song,Jie Zheng,Jian Xiao

Efficient reconstruction of a fully functional skin after wounds requires multiple functionalities of wound dressing due to the complexity of healing. In these regards, topical administration of functionalized nanoparticles capable of sustainably releasing bioactive agents to the wound site may significantly accelerate wound repair. Among the various nanoparticles, superparamagnetic iron oxide (Fe3O4) nanoparticles gain increasing attractiveness due to their intrinsic response to an external magnetic field (eMF). Herein, based on the Fe3O4 nanoparticle, we developed a fibroblast growth factor (bFGF)-loaded Fe3O4 nanoparticle using a simple mussel-inspired surface immobilization method. This nanoparticle, named as bFGF-HDC@Fe3O4, could stabilize bFGF in various conditions and exhibited sustained release of bFGF. In addition, an in vitro study discovered that bFGF-HDC@Fe3O4 could promote macrophage polarization toward an anti-inflammatory (pro-healing) M2 phenotype especially under eMF. Further, in vivo full-thickness wound animal models demonstrated that bFGF-HDC@Fe3O4 could significantly accelerate wound healing through M2 macrophage polarization and increased cell proliferation. Therefore, this approach of realizing sustained the release of the growth factor with magnetically macrophage regulating behavior through modification of Fe3O4 nanoparticles offers promising potential to tissue-regenerative applications.

研究领域: 纳米技术 · 生物材料 · 伤口愈合 · 组织工程 · 药学
✓ 已验证 产品关联 DOI PubMed 高影响因子
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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL MACROMOLECULES · 2024 · IF 7.7

Dual-crosslinking gelatin-hyaluronic acid methacrylate based biomimetic PDAC desmoplastic niche enhances tumor-associated macrophages recruitment and M2-like polarization

Di Wu,Tiancheng Gong,Zhongxiang Sun,Xihao Yao,Dongzhi Wang,Qiyang Chen,Qingsong Guo,Xiaohong Li,Yibing Guo,Yuhua Lu

The tumor microenvironment (TME) of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is characterized by deposition of desmoplastic matrix (including collagen and hyaluronic acid). And the interactions between tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) and tumor cells play a crucial role in progression of PDAC. Hence, the appropriate model of tumor cell-macrophage interaction within the unique PDAC TME is of significantly important. To this end, a 3D tumor niche based on dual-crosslinking gelatin methacrylate and hyaluronic acid methacrylate hydrogels was constructed to simulate the desmoplastic tumor matrix with matching compressive modulus and composition. The bionic 3D tumor niche creates an immunosuppressive microenvironment characterized by the downregulation of M1 markers and upregulation of M2 markers in TAMs. Mechanistically, RNA-seq analysis revealed that the PI3K-AKT signaling pathway might modulate the phenotypic balance and recruitment of macrophages through regulating SELE and VCAM-1. Furthermore, GO and GSEA revealed the biological process of leukocyte migration and the activation of cytokine-associated signaling were involved. Finally, the 3D tumor-macrophage niches with three different ratios were fabricated which displayed increased M2-like polarization and stemness. The utilization of the 3D tumor niche has the potential to provide a more accurate investigation of the interplay between PDAC tumor cells and macrophages within an in vivo setting.

CAS / MDL: 9067-32-7 16561-29-8
研究领域: 癌症生物学 · 组织工程 · 生物材料 · 免疫学 · 细胞信号传导
✓ 已验证 产品关联 DOI PubMed 高影响因子
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JOURNAL OF CONTROLLED RELEASE · 2023 · IF 10.8

Inducing in situ M2 macrophage polarization to promote the repair of bone defects via scaffold-mediated sustained delivery of luteolin

Yan Hu,Lixi Tang,Zheng Wang,Honghan Yan,Xinzeyu Yi,Huimin Wang,Liya Ma,Changying Yang,Jiabing Ran,Aixi Yu

Immunoregulation mediated bone tissue engineering (BTE) has demonstrated huge potential in promoting repair of critical-size bone defects (CSBDs). The trade-off between stable immunoregulation function and extended immunoregulation period has posed a great challenge to this strategy. Here, we reported a 3D porous biodegradable Poly(HEMA- co -3APBA)/LUT scaffold, in which reversible boronic acid ester bond was formed between the 3APBA moiety and the catechol moiety of luteolin (LUT). The boronic acid ester bond not only protected the bioactivity of LUT but also extended the release period of LUT. The rationale behind the phenomenon of sustained LUT release was explained using a classical transition state theory. In vitro/in vivo assays proved the immunoregulation function of the scaffold in inducing M 2 polarization of both M 0 and M 1 M φ . The crosstalk between the scaffold treated Raw 264.7 and BMSCs were also investigated through the in vitro co-culture assay. The results demonstrated that the scaffold could induce immunoregulation mediated osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs. In addition, CSBDs model of SD rats was also applied, and the corresponding data proved that the scaffold could accelerate new bone formation, therefore promoting repair of CSBDs. The as-prepared scaffold might be a promising candidate for repair of CSBDs in the future.

CAS / MDL: 52628-03-2
研究领域: 生物医学工程 · 组织工程 · 材料科学 · 免疫学 · 骨再生
✓ 已验证 产品关联 DOI PubMed 高影响因子
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JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY · 2023 · IF 5.4

The total iridoid glycoside extract of Lamiophlomis rotata Kudo induces M2 macrophage polarization to accelerate wound healing by RAS/ p38 MAPK/NF-κB pathway

Lei Lei,Guoguo Wan,Xiaoyu Geng,Jianguo Sun,Yi Zhang,Jianwei Wang,Congwen Yang,Zheng Pan

Ethnopharmacological relevance Lamiophlomis rotata (Benth.) Kudo ( L . rotata ), a Tibetan medicinal plant , is used to treat “yellow-water diseases”, such as skin disease, jaundice and rheumatism . Our previous study showed that the iridoid glycoside extract of L. rotata (IGLR) is the major constituent of skin wound healing. However, the role of IGLR in the biological process of trauma repair and the probable mechanism of the action remain largely unknown. Aim of the study To investigate the role of IGLR in the biological process of trauma repair and the probable mechanism of the action. Materials and methods The role of IGLR in wound healing was investigated by overall skin wound in mice with Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) and Masson trichrome staining. The anti-inflammatory, angiogenesis-promoting and fibril formation effects of IGLR were visualized in wound skin tissue by immunofluorescence staining, and the proinflammatory factors and growth factors were assayed by real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Macrophages, dermal fibroblasts, and endothelial cells were cultured to measure the direct/indirect interaction effects of IGLR on the proliferation and migration of cells, and flow cytometry was employed to assess the role of IGLR on macrophage phenotype. Network pharmacology combined with Western blot experiments were conducted to explore possible mechanisms of the actions. Results IGLR increased the expression of CD206 (M2 markers) through the RAS/p38 MAPK/NF-κB signaling pathway during wound injury in vivo and in vitro . IGLR suppressed the inflammatory cytokines iNOS, IL-1β and TNF-α in the early stage of wound healing . During the proliferation step of wound repair, IGLR promoted angiogenesis and fibril formation by increasing the expression of VEGF, CD31, TGF-β and α-SMA in wound tissue, and similar results were verified by RT-PCR and ELISA. In a paracrine mechanism, the extract promoted the proliferation of dermal fibroblasts, and endothelial cells were founded by the conditioned medium (CM). Conclusion IGLR induced M2 macrophage polarization in the early stage of wound healing; in turn, IGLR played a key role in the transition from inflammation to cell proliferation during the biological process of wound healing.

CAS / MDL: 93572-42-0
研究领域: 药理学 · 免疫学 · 伤口愈合 · 植物科学 · 细胞生物学
✓ 已验证 产品关联 DOI PubMed 高影响因子
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Heliyon · 2024 · IF 3.4

Peimine promotes microglial polarization to the M2 phenotype to attenuate drug-resistant epilepsy through suppressing the TLR4/NF-κB/HIF-1α signaling pathway in a rat model and in BV-2 microglia

Chongchong Liu,Jiangyan Sun,Xiaoming Shen,Shefang Li,Sha Luo,Na Chen,Yunke Zhang

Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disorder. Drug-resistant epilepsy (DRE) accounts for about one-third of epilepsy patients worldwide. Peimine, a main active component of Fritillaria, has been reported to show anti-inflammatory effects. However, its potential therapeutic role in DRE is not yet fully understood. In this work, a DRE rat model was established by injecting 1 μg kainic acid (KA), followed by a 250 mg/kg administration of valproic acid (VPA) from day 4–31. Rats were treated with different doses of peimine (2.5 mg/kg, 5 mg/kg and 10 mg/kg) daily from day 32–62. In vitro, BV-2 microglia were exposed to different doses of peimine (7.5 μg/ml, 15 μg/ml, and 30 μg/ml) in presence of LPS. The aim of this study was to investigate the potential therapeutic effects of peimine on DRE. The results showed that peimine efficiently suppressed the KA-induced epileptic behaviors of rats in a dose-dependent manner, as recorded by electroencephalography. Furthermore, peimine ameliorated hippocampal neuron injury in DRE rats, and promoted an M1-to-M2 microglial phenotype shift in a dose-dependent manner. Mechanistically, peimine inhibited the TLR4/NF-κB/HIF-1α signaling pathway both in vivo and in vitro. Additionally, peimine suppressed the apoptosis of primary neurons induced by LPS-treated microglia. In conclusion, peimine augments the microglial polarization towards an M2 phenotype by inhibiting the TLR4/NF-κB/HIF-1α signaling pathway, thereby attenuating DRE.

CAS / MDL: 47165-04-8
研究领域: 神经病学 · 药理学 · 免疫学 · 细胞生物学
✓ 已验证 产品关联 DOI PubMed 高影响因子
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Small Structures · 2024 · IF 13.9

Nature Knows Best: Extracellular Matrix-Gelatin Hydrogel Masking Bioauthentic Bone Scaffold Locking Blood Clot to Induce M2 Macrophage-Mediated Bone Regeneration via Activating an Endocytosis-Macroautophagy-Inflammation Axis

Jieyun Xu,Xiaoran Yu,Hongcheng Chen,Junlong Xue,Zhuohong Gong,Zhengjie Shan,Shijie Chen,Yuanlong Guo,Xiaomeng Gao,Linjun Zhang,Yin Xiao,Feilong Deng,Zetao Chen

Individualized biological hydroxyapatite (BHA) scaffolds are essential for repairing critical craniomaxillofacial bone defects. Additive manufacturing relies on synthetic hydroxyapatite and biomimetic structures, making the resulting scaffolds inferior to natural bone. A subtractive manufacturing solution is proposed to cut natural bone blocks and then sinter them into BHA scaffolds. However, BHA scaffolds with fragile mechanical performance, fail to maintain scaffold integrity, due to microcracks generated by loss of organics from extracellular matrix (ECM). To preserve natural structure and enhance mechanical properties, ECM-gelatin hydrogel (ECM-Gel) is utilized as a micron-level coating to smooth surface microcracks like a facial mask. ECM-Gel shows potential in regulating blood clot fibrin network which may induce a favorable macrophage-mediated bone regeneration. Therefore, a gelatin hydrogel-masked BHA (G-BHA) scaffold system is developed using crosslinker genipin (2 and 8 mM). ECM-Gel formed a “hybrid layer”, smoothing the micron-level microcracks and enhancing mechanical properties of BHA; it activated platelets to lock blood clot with dense fibrin network, inducing M2 macrophage via a potential endocytosis-macroautophagy-inflammation axis for bone regeneration. In vivo experiments confirmed G-BHA scaffolds promoted ectopic and in situ bone regeneration. Therefore, ECM-gel-masking demonstrates great potential in developing individualized bioauthentic bone scaffolds with favorable blood clot and macrophage-mediated bone regeneration.

CAS / MDL: 9000-70-8
研究领域: 组织工程 · 生物材料 · 骨再生 · 巨噬细胞生物学 · 医疗器械 · 生物力学
✓ 已验证 产品关联 DOI 高影响因子
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EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGY · 2023 · IF 5

Edaravone dexborneol ameliorates cognitive impairment by regulating the NF-κB pathway through AHR and promoting microglial polarization towards the M2 phenotype in mice with bilateral carotid artery stenosis (BCAS)

Lei Li,Guojun He,Mingyu Shi,Juehua Zhu,Yongqing Cheng,Yang Chen,Jin Chen,Qun Xue

Cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD) is one of the most important causes of stroke and vascular dementia , so exploring effective treatment modalities for CSVD is warranted. This study aimed to explore the anti-inflammatory effects of Edaravone dexborneol (C.EDA) in a CSVD model. Mice with CSVD showed distinct cognitive decline, as assessed by the Morris water maze (MWM). Pathological staining verified leakage across the blood‒brain barrier (BBB), microglial proliferation, neuronal loss and demyelination . Western blot analysis demonstrated that M1 microglia dominated prophase and released proinflammatory molecules; the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) was found to participate in modulating nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) signalling activation through tumour necrosis factor receptor-associated factor-6 (TRAF6). C.EDA treatment resulted in the polarization of microglia from the M1 to the M2 phenotype. Mice sequentially treated with C.EDA exhibited a significant improvement in cognitive function; expression of the anti-inflammatory cytokines and modulatory proteins AHR and TRAF6 was upregulated, while the levels of pNF-κBp65 and pIΚBα were downregulated. C.EDA promoted microglial activation towards the M2 phenotype by upregulating AHR expression, which prevented TRAF6 ubiquitination , promoted NF-κB RelA/p65 protein degradation and inhibited subsequent NF-κB phosphorylation. Mechanistically, the anti-inflammatory effect of C.EDA alleviated neuronal loss and myelin damage, while at the functional level, C.EDA improved cognitive function and thus showed good application prospects.

CAS / MDL: 57-55-6
研究领域: 神经科学 · 药理学 · 神经退行性疾病 · 炎症
✓ 已验证 产品关联 DOI PubMed 高影响因子
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