RSC Advances
·
2025
·Vol. 15
·期 47
·40231-40244
·
IF 4.6
Zhiwei Chang,Xiaochun Bao,Guimin Yuan,Yuang Ma,Ming Li,Hanjie Ying
The fabrication of eco-friendly bio-based epoxy resins is of critical importance for addressing the excessive consumption of petroleum resources and the release of harmful substances caused by petroleum-based thermosetting epoxy resins. However, the non-recyclability and poor mechanical properties of bio-based epoxy resins hinder their further development and application. Herein, a strong, tough, recyclable, and multifunctional bio-based epoxy vitrimer is prepared using epoxidized soybean oil (ESO) and lignin-based aromatic monomers of vanillyl alcohol, guaiacol, and vanillin. These lignin-based aromatic monomers provide bio-based aromatic building blocks for the synthesis of bisguaiacol F diamine vanillin (BGAV) with dynamic imine bonds, which is employed as a curing agent for ESO to fabricate a bio-based epoxy vitrimer incorporating a dynamic network. The BGAV forms rigid polyaromatic segments in the network to enhance the stability of the polymer, thereby leading to a high mechanical strength of 21.81 MPa for the epoxy vitrimer. Moreover, the hydrogen bonds in the network serve as sacrificial bonds to increase the ability of energy dissipation, thereby resulting in excellent toughness of 27.53 MJ m−3 for the epoxy vitrimer. Additionally, the reversible reconstruction of dynamic imine bonds within the network endows the vitrimer with favorable self-healing properties and recyclability. Furthermore, the vitrimer also exhibits outstanding antibacterial properties, mold resistance, photothermal conversion performance, water resistance, and bonding performance. This work provides an effective approach for the development of recyclable bio-based epoxy resins with exceptional mechanical properties and multifunctionality.
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高影响因子
ACS Applied Polymer Materials
·
2026
·Vol. 8
·期 16
·13986-13998
·
IF 5.2
Qi Ruige,Song Fei,Hu Lihong,Xue Yijiao,Bo Caiying,Zhou Yonghong,Zhang Meng
To advance the high-value utilization
of lignin and develop
sustainable
materials for clean energy applications, a fully bioderived polyimine
vitrimer (VL) was synthesized through an energy-efficient room-temperature
process by covalently integrating levulinic acid-modified lignin with
a soybean oil-derived diamine. This design yields a material that
combines robust mechanical properties (toughness: 7.1 MJ/m 3 ) with remarkable self-healing, recycling, and photothermal conversion
capacities. The vitrimer can repair scratches within 10 min at 80
° C and can be fully recycled with ∼90% strength retention
after five reprocessing cycles. These dynamic features are governed
by the cooperative exchange of hydrogen and imine bonds. Furthermore,
the material demonstrates stable and efficient photothermal conversion,
a direct result of the preserved π-conjugated and donor–acceptor
structure of the lignin units. This photothermal capability not only
enables applications such as photothermoelectric generation but also
permits noncontact, light-triggered self-healing. This work transforms
lignin from a byproduct into a core building block for advanced smart
materials, providing a sustainable paradigm for developing multifunctional
systems in energy and wearable technologies.
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CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL
·
2025
·
IF 13.2
Kai Dong,Di Zhao,Yang Pang,Binghui Liu,Qian Liu,Tong Mu,Chengji Zhao
Developing high-performance bio-based epoxy resin as an alternative to petroleum-derived bisphenol A epoxy resin (DGEBA) for manufacturing recyclable carbon fiber-reinforced polymers (CFRP) presents a formidable challenge. A novel epoxy monomer derived from 4-propyl guaiacol with significantly low viscosity was synthesized via a two-step process, followed by curing with 4,4′-dithiodianiline to yield a bio-based vitrimer featuring only reversible disulfide bonds. In contrast to DGEBA, this vitrimer alleviated concerns regarding the residual presence of bisphenol A and its derivatives while maintaining good thermal and mechanical stabilities. Furthermore, the flexible propyl side chains accelerated chain segment motions and synergistically enhanced the dynamic characteristics of this bio-based vitrimer with dynamic disulfide bonds. It demonstrated a much rapid stress relaxation of 15.8 s at 200 °C, facilitating the complete repair of scratches from epoxy resins and composite materials within 30 min under tiny pressure. The vitrimers could undergo reorganization four times while upholding chemical integrity and was readily achievable for closed-loop recycling. The low viscosity of the epoxy matrix facilitated the molding process of the composites resulting in high performance composites without diluents. The resulted carbon fiber reinforced polymer composite (CFRP) exhibited excellent mechanical characteristics and enabled reprocessing, self-repairing, and high-value, non-invasive fiber recycling. This research expands the dynamic attributes of epoxy vitrimer to CFRP, a pivotal step towards realizing multifunctional bio-based CFRP and facilitating the closed-loop recycling of composite materials.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
化学工程
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MACROMOLECULAR CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS
·
2017
·Vol. 218
·期 20
·1700265
·
IF 2.5
Peiyao Yan,Wei Zhao,Yanjun Wang,Yuanyuan Jiang,Changlin Zhou,Jingxin Lei
Welding technology of polymer materials, serving as an exceedingly good tactics to save materials, reduce cost, and reduce material loss, is only extensively applied in thermoplastic materials for the moment. Recently, a new class of polymer, known as vitrimer, has attracted the eye of researchers because it realizes the reprocessing and reshape of thermosets and possesses many excellent functions, such as multishape memory, healing, and surface welding. Among these, the vitrimer makes the surface welding of thermosetting material possible. In this paper, carbon nanotubes-polyurethane vitrimer nanocomposites with the capability of surface welding controlled by heat and near-infrared (NIR) light are successfully prepared. Here, the effects of surface welding are characterized by lap shear tests and optical microscope. In addition, from the control experiments, it is found that the shear strength of the light-welding sample under NIR illumination for 1 min is greater than that of the heat-welding sample at 110 °C for 10 min. Furthermore, thermosetting polyurethane has been applied in many fields, and it is hoped that the findings, especially near-infrared welding technology, will make some contributions for welding technology of polymer.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
高分子化学
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CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL
·
2021
·
IF 13.273
Yazhou Xu,Songlin Dai,Liangwu Bi,Jianxin Jiang,Haibo Zhang,Yuxiang Chen
Carbon fiber reinforced composites (CFRPs) have the problems of over-reliance on petroleum-based products and difficult recycling of Carbon fibers (CFs). To solve these problems, a degradable Epoxidized menthane diamine–adipic acid (EMDA–AA) vitrimer matrix for CFRPs is obtained from bio-based menthane diamine and adipic acid. Owing to the rigid six-membered ring structure of EMDA, the EMDA–AA vitrimer matrix exhibits good mechanical properties. With the autocatalysis of tertiary amines in the EMDA–AA vitrimer, the vitrimer network can achieve topological rearrangement via dynamic transesterification reactions without additional catalysts. The fabricated vitrimer exhibits excellent self-healing, shape memory and reprocessing properties. Moreover, EMDA–AA–CF composite with EMDA–AA epoxy vitrimer as the matrix resin shows excellent reprocessing, shape memory and self-adhesive properties. In addition, the EMDA–AA vitrimer matrix resin can be rapidly degraded into polyols by amination reaction with ethanolamine under mild conditions, resulting in the efficient recycling of Carbon fibers (CFs). Scanning electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and tensile tests show that the recycled CFs have almost the same chemical structure and mechanical properties as the virgin CFs. This study can assist in the preparation of green and high-strength CFRPs using recyclable bio-based epoxy vitrimer matrices and provide a strategy for efficient recycling of CFs from CFRPs.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
环境科学
·
化学工程
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INDUSTRIAL CROPS AND PRODUCTS
·
2023
·
IF 5.9
Panpan Song,Liuping Du,Jiuyin Pang,Guiquan Jiang,Jianmin Shen,Yanli Ma,Shixue Ren,Shujun Li
Conventional epoxy asphalt is a thermosetting material that is difficult to reprocess and cannot be easily recycled after disposal. In this study, a lignin-based epoxy asphalt (ELEA) with thermoplastic and thermosetting properties was prepared by introducing a lignin-based vitrimer system, which has a dynamic, covalently bonded, cross-linked ester network, into the asphalt. The mechanical properties (tensile strength, 1.605 MPa; elongation at break, 382.38 %) also meet the requirements of epoxy asphalt for steel bridge deck pavement. The viscosity, thermal properties and high-temperature reversibility of ELEA show that ELEA has good operability, thermal stability and potential for recycling, in line with the trend towards the development of a circular economy. The use of biomass-based derivatives for the epoxy resin and curing agent in ELEA also reduces dependence on non-renewable petroleum resources and provides a useful reference for the high-value and efficient development and utilization of industrial lignin.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
化学工程
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JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS
·
2023
·
IF 13.6
Xiaoqian Zhang,Leyi Lin,Haonan Zhou,Guowen Zhou,Xiaohui Wang
The increasing amount of nondegradable petroleum-based plastic waste releases chemical hazards, posing a significant threat to the environment and human health. Chitosan, derived from marine wastes, is an attractive feedstock for the preparation of plastic replacement due to its renewable and degradable nature. However, in most cases, complex chemical modifications of chitosan or hybridization with chemicals from fossil resources are required. Herein, we present a high-performance chitosan-based polyimine vitrimer (CS-PI) through a mild and catalyst-free Schiff base reaction between chitosan and vanillin. The CS-PI were formed by integrating dynamic imine bonds into the polymer networks, resulting in superior thermo-processability and mechanical performances. The tensile strength and Young’s modulus of the CS-PI films reached 38.72 MPa and 3.20 GPa, respectively, which was significantly higher than that of both commercial petroleum-based plastics and bioplastics. Additionally, the CS-PI films exhibited good light transmittance , self-healing ability, reprocess capacity, water resistance, and durability to various organic solvents. Moreover, the CS-PI films could be completely degraded under both acidic and natural conditions, enabling a sustainable circulation. Therefore, this work offers a new design strategy for developing all-natural environmentally friendly polymers as sustainable replacements for petroleum-based plastics, thus reducing the accumulation of nondegradable plastic waste.
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Journal of Materials Chemistry A
·
2023
·Vol. 11
·期 20
·10912-10926
·
IF 11.9
Pengzhi Li,Xutao Zhang,Qi Yang,Pengjian Gong,Chul B. Park,Guangxian Li
Considering that environmental friendliness and energy conservation are becoming crucial, it is urgent to advance the sustainability of materials in terms of their lifecycle, including synthesis, processing, and application. Herein, covalent adaptable networks were constructed in a polyethylene terephthalate (PET) matrix via a green, external-catalyst-free method within only 8 min, which was realized by sequential transesterification and crosslinking reaction. This synthesis is environmentally friendly given that no toxic solvents or external catalysts are required, and it avoids energy waste. Meanwhile, the vitrimer exhibited an extremely fast relaxation time of 4.8 s, which was realized through the synergistic catalysis of the tertiary amine structure and neighboring group participation. Therefore, the vitrimer could readily change its configuration via fast exchange reactions during processing, which eliminated the residual stress and suppressed the molecular-chain orientation, avoiding shrinkage and warpage. Further, the vitrimer has potential sustainable applications in repairability and shape memory, where on the one hand, due to its stable state resulting from configuration-change foaming processing, the vitrimer foam has attractive self-healing behavior, which is the first time this is reported for foam materials, whereas other foams tend to shrink in the melt state, and hence fail to realize self-healing. On the other hand, due to the quick rearrangement of the crosslinking networks, the obtained vitrimer could be rapidly shape-programmed repeatedly, where its shape-memory behavior could be strengthened or erased by the synergistic effects of its covalent adaptable networks and physical crystalline networks, making it more regulable and concealed in encryption application. Briefly, the synthesis, processing, and application of this vitrimer are constructive to guide the design of novel polymers with improved performance and sustainability.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
可持续发展
·
化学工程
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CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL
·
2023
·
IF 15.1
Yanfan Yang,Hao Zhou,Xiaoqi Chen,Tingting Liu,Yong Zheng,Lin Dai,Chuanling Si
Lignin, a natural adhesive in plants, has received extensive attention from both academia and industry. However, limited by the reactivity and heterogeneity of industrial lignin raw materials, lignin-based adhesives are not competitive in terms of adhesive performance and reusability. Here, a green and facile method is reported for a polyphenol lignin (Phenol-lignin)-based, ultrastrong, reusable, wide temperature adaptability, and solvent-resistant vitrimer adhesive with molecular designs of lignin extending beyond those in nature. The fabricated Phenol-lignin-based vitrimer exhibits the world’s highest wood lap shear strength of 12.87 MPa among the vitrimer adhesives. Even in extreme environments, such as boiling water (100 °C), liquid nitrogen (-196 °C), and organic solvents, the Phenol-lignin-based vitrimer-bonded wood sheets can still maintain a high level of strength. In addition, due to the good light-to-heat conversion performance of lignin, Phenol-lignin-based vitrimer can be repaired by infrared laser irradiation. The recycled adhesive retained 93.1 % of its strength. This new lignin material will be incorporated into not only industrial adhesives but also various green material systems in the future.
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ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces
·
2026
·
IF 7.8
Hongbo Dai,Baoyu Du,Yubo Zhao,Jieyang Qiu,Jianpeng Mou,Kun Peng,Shuai Liu,Yunsheng Xu
Vitrimers are covalent adaptable networks (CANs) that undergo thermally activated topological rearrangement via dynamic bond exchange, enabling reprocessability and intrinsic self-healing. However, precise, real-time identification of the topological transition temperature (Tv) remains challenging, as conventional methods are inherently stress- and protocol-dependent. Here, we present a hierarchically structured piezoresistive sensing strategy based on dual-scale CNT-integrated conductive networks. A mesoscale CNT-decorated glass fibrous web (G-CNT) and a nanoscale CNT/EPON percolation network are synergistically integrated to enable in situ, external-stress-free electrical tracking of disulfide-containing epoxy vitrimer network formation and topological transitions. These multiscale conductive architectures exhibit distinct resistance signatures throughout vitrimer evolution, with pronounced inflection features at Tv arising from bond-exchange-driven rearrangements of conductive pathways. Comparative analysis reveals that interfacial G-CNT meso-networks fabricated via ultrasonic atomization exhibit substantially higher sensitivity, manifested by pronounced resistance decreases at Tv (ΔRv = −10.9% to −20.0%), enabling instant detection of local topological rearrangements. In contrast, bulk CNT/EPON networks display attenuated resistance responses (ΔRv = −4.3% to −9.4%) associated with matrix-level percolation restructuring. These electrical signatures are corroborated by differential scanning calorimetry, dynamic mechanical analysis, rheology, and dielectric analysis, establishing a direct structure-dynamics-signal correlation. This stress-free, multiscale sensing paradigm provides a scalable route for intrinsic Tv identification and process-aware diagnostics in recyclable and adaptive vitrimer-based composites.
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高影响因子
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL
·
2026
·
IF 12.5
Jiexiang Ren,Birong Zeng,Wei Lin,Xinyu Liu,Yiting Xu,Conghui Yuan,Lizong Dai
Three structurally distinct modifiers serving as pendant chains were incorporated into a DOPO-functionalized carbon dot (P-CDs)-cured epoxy vitrimer system, effectively regulating its network topology, intermolecular interactions, and transesterification behavior. • The BnVIm[Cl] pendant chain introduced synergistic cation-π and π-π intermolecular interactions, which significantly strengthened intermolecular forces and endowed the composite with excellent mechanical performances (tensile strength of 64.3 MPa, elongation at break of 15.6%, and toughness of 6.1 MJ/m 3 ). • The imidazole ring in the modifier promoted the carbonization of the EP/CDs/BnVIm[Cl] composite during combustion. The optimized composite achieved superior flame retardancy with a high LOI of 32.6% and UL-94 V-0 rating, accompanied by reduced pHRR, THR, and TSP values. • The EP/CDs/BnVIm[Cl]/CF carbon fiber composite exhibited efficient matrix degradation and outstanding recyclability of carbon fibers, realizing effective fiber recycling. Dynamic epoxy vitrimers feature outstanding reprocessability, self-healing performance, and recyclability. Nevertheless, the improved chain mobility derived from dynamic networks typically deteriorates their mechanical properties. Moreover, achieving high flame retardancy without compromising mechanical performance remains a formidable challenge. Herein, three structurally different pendant chains, namely BnVIm[Cl], VIm[Cl], and Bn, were incorporated into a DOPO-functionalized carbon dot (P-CDs)-cured epoxy vitrimer system to modulate its network topology, intermolecular interactions, and transesterification behavior. The results demonstrated that the EP/CDs/BnVIm[Cl]-7 composite delivered optimal comprehensive performance, with a tensile strength of 64.3 MPa, an elongation at break of 15.6%, and a toughness of 6.1 MJ/m 3 . Meanwhile, it exhibited superior flame retardancy, achieving a limiting oxygen index (LOI) of 32.6% and a UL-94 V-0 rating. The peak heat release rate (pHRR), total heat release (THR), and total smoke production (TSP) were reduced by 30.1%, 13.9%, and 18.9%, respectively. Furthermore, EP/CDs/BnVIm[Cl]-7 exhibited rapid stress relaxation, a crack-closure efficiency of 95.23%, a reprocessing efficiency of 93.39%, and effective solvent-mediated degradability, which enabled efficient resin removal and carbon fiber recovery. The structure-property relationship analysis indicates that the synergistic cation-π and π-π interactions introduced by BnVIm[Cl] strengthen intermolecular forces and increase the effective crosslinking density. Combined with the dynamic β-hydroxyl ester network, a favorable balance between network stability and chain mobility is realized, thereby simultaneously improving the mechanical properties, flame retardancy, and dynamic adaptability of the epoxy vitrimer. Download: Download high-res image (144KB) Download: Download full-size image
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高影响因子
POLYMER DEGRADATION AND STABILITY
·
2025
·
IF 7.4
Feng Liu,Linsheng Wang,Lu Liu,Kaiwen Deng,Hongyu Yuan,Wenkang Zhou,Zainab Abidemi Omoniyi,Hongyu Yang,Xiaming Feng,Chaojun Wan
Phosphonic/carboxylic mixed-ester epoxy vitrimers offer an ideal alternative to conventional thermosetting resins, combining the advantages of both thermosetting and thermoplastic materials while exhibiting flame retardancy and recyclability. However, the recycling efficiency of phosphonic acid/carboxylic acid ester-based epoxy vitrimers remains unsatisfactory, as existing enhancement strategies are often inefficient, complex, or detrimental to the material's mechanical properties. In this study, (2-carboxyethyl) phenylphosphonic acid (CEPPA) was used as a curing agent, while phenylphosphonic acid (PPA) and n-octylphosphonic acid (OPA) were partially substituted for CEPPA to prepare dual-dynamic epoxy vitrimers containing both carboxylate and phosphonate ester bonds. Compared to epoxy vitrimers cured solely with CEPPA, the introduction of PPA and OPA simultaneously improved both flame retardancy and recycling efficiency without significantly increasing synthesis complexity or requiring the addition of a catalyst. The recycling efficiency increased from 57.9 % to a maximum of 78.6 % (60.7 MPa), the limiting oxygen index (LOI) improved from 27.5 % to 34.5 %, and the total heat release (THR) in cone calorimetry tests was reduced by 21.6 %. This study presents a simple and effective approach to enhancing the performance of flame-retardant epoxy vitrimers, offering a promising strategy for the development of high-performance, recyclable thermosetting materials.
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危险品化学品经营许可证（带存储）