FUEL
·
2022
·
IF 8.035
Qi Zhao,Xianfeng Chen,Yi Li,Huaming Dai
To explore the suppression mechanisms of ammonium polyphosphate (APP) on methane/coal dust explosion flame, the experiment tests of methane/coal dust explosion flame propagation under different mass fraction of APP were conducted in a vertical pipe. Using Simultaneous Thermal Analysis and Py-GC/MS to analyze the effects of APP on the thermal decomposition process and thermal pyrolysis products of coal dust. The chemical characterization of explosion residues was carried out by confocal Raman and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Based on the apparent suppression ways of APP such as absorption of heat, reduction concentration of combustibles and adsorbent of free radicals, APP also limited the thermal decomposition process of coal dust and leaded to the reduction or even disappearance of some organic matters at coal dust pyrolysis. Noticeably, the investigation of explosion residues found that the carbonization effect of APP pyrolysis products and the activity reduction of functional groups (–CH 3 /–CH 2 and –OH) which contribute to ignition of coal dust, these coupling effects made it difficult for coal dust to ignite, and thus the methane/coal dust compound explosion were suppressed significantly.
研究领域:
安全科学与工程
·
化学工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
MACROMOLECULAR MATERIALS AND ENGINEERING
·
2022
·Vol. 308
·期 3
·2200516
·
IF 4.402
Chang Liu,Ping Li,Ying-Jun Xu,Yun Liu,Ping Zhu
Iron alginate is chosen as an eco-friendly synergist to improve the flame retardancy, smoke suppression, and mechanical properties of epoxy resin/ammonium polyphosphate composites (EP/APP). The suitable additive amount of iron alginate further enhances the char-forming ability in the higher-temperature range and flame retardancy of EP/APP. EP/APP 9.0 -iron alginate 1.0 retains a char residue of 33.3% at 700 °C and obtains a limiting oxygen index value of 28.4% and vertical burning test (UL-94) V-0 rating, while EP/APP 10 has no UL-94 rating. The burning behaviors of EP/APP 9.0 -iron alginate 1.0 are also suppressed; and the total smoke production value is much lower than that of EP/APP 10 . EP/APP 9.0 -iron alginate 1.0 releases less smoke and flammable fragments. The suitable additive amount of iron alginate boosts the mechanical properties of EP/APP, while APP destroys the mechanical properties of EP. Therefore, the addition of suitable amount of iron alginates can further reduce the fire hazard, and improve the mechanical properties of EP/APP composites.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
火灾安全工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
POLYMER DEGRADATION AND STABILITY
·
2012
·Vol. 97
·期 7
·1107-1113
·
IF 2.769
Juan Li,Chenhao Ke,Liang Xu,Yuzhong Wang
A hyperbranched polyamine charring agent (HPCA) containing triazine was prepared by using 4,4′-oxybisbenzenamine and cyanuric trichloride through A 2 + B 3 approach. The structure and thermal stability of the product were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FT–IR), nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry ( 1 H NMR) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). It is shown that the carbonaceous residue at 700 °C is higher than 60 wt% suggesting a good char forming ability. Intumescent flame retarded acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (IFR-ABS) was prepared with HPCA and ammonium polyphosphate (APP) via melt blending . The flame retardance and thermal properties of the IFR-ABS were studied through limited oxygen index (LOI) and UL-94 vertical burning. The thermal degradation and char forming behaviour was tested with TGA and the morphology of char layer was observed by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results show that a good synergistic effect is present between HPCA and APP. The calculated carbonaceous residue at 800 °C is 24.3 wt%, however the experimental value is 49.7 wt%, which is twice the former. Furthermore, the HPCA and APP have a promoting effect for char forming of IFR-ABS during combustion, for example, there is little carbonaceous residue for ABS at 550 °C according to TGA results in air, but there is 18.4 wt% carbonaceous residue for IFR-ABS with 25 wt% flame retardants . Moreover, the LOI for IFR-ABS is improved to 26.9 from 18.0 for ABS, and UL-94 V-0 rating is achieved with 30 wt% flame retardants .
研究领域:
高分子科学
·
材料工程
·
阻燃材料
✓ 已验证
DOI
高影响因子
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL MACROMOLECULES
·
2025
·
IF 8.5
Wei-hang Chen,Dou Hu,De-xiang Sun,Lin Guo,Jing-hui Yang,Yong Wang
To address the applications of polylactic acid (PLA) in various environmental conditions, this study designed a novel additive, i.e. in-situ growing polyphosphazene nano-network on ammonium polyphosphate (APP) surface to construct the core-shell like structure through the bridging effect of chitosan. Such additive as a novel flame retardant exhibited superior flame retardant efficiency compared to the original APP, and the composite with only 15 wt% additive showed the limited oxygen index (LOI) of 31 % and V -0 flammability rating in UL-94 testing. The unique polyphosphazene nano-network structure on the surface of filler enhanced the interfacial interaction of composites and promoted the dispersion of filler in the PLA matrix, which improved the strength and modulus of composites to a certain extent, making up for the deterioration of mechanical properties induced by APP. Furthermore, the additive also endowed the composite with excellent ultraviolet (UV) shielding capability, and mechanical properties of the composite could be maintained at high level after long time UV irradiation. This work not only offers novel perspectives on the development of advanced multifunctional flame retardants, but also enhances the applicability of PLA across diverse industries.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
高分子化学
·
纳米技术
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
JOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE
·
2025
·
IF 2.8
Song Wang,Rumeng Ma
Two phosphorus-containing silane coupling agents (PSCAs), KH550-P and KH560-P, are successfully prepared by reacting 10-hydroxy-9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphorus-10-oxide (DOPO OH) with (3-aminopropyl) triethoxysilane (KH550) and 3-glycidyloxypropyltrimethoxysilane (KH560), respectively. These two PSCAs are used as the surface modification agents of ammonium polyphosphate (APP). The flame retardancy and mechanical properties of epoxy resin (EP) with PSCA-modified APP are investigated. When the weight ratio of APP to PSCAs is 18:2 and the addition amount of PSCA-modified APPs, APP-KH550-P 18:2 and APP-KH560-P 18:2 , in EP reaches 8%, the resulting flame-retardant EP composite materials, EP/APP-KH550-P 18:2 and EP/APP-KH560-P 18:2 , exhibit good flame retardancy of a V-0 rating in the vertical combustion test (UL-94). The limiting oxygen index values of both EP/APP-KH550-P 18:2 and EP/APP-KH560-P 18:2 are higher than 30%. The peak heat release rates of EP/APP-KH550-P 18:2 and EP/APP-KH560-P 18:2 decrease by 13.8% and 28.5%, respectively, compared to EP containing 8% APP (EP/APP). Both KH550-P and KH560-P demonstrate similar performance in enhancing the flame retardancy of APP. When APP-KH550-P 18:2 is added to EP, the mechanical properties of EP/APP-KH550-P 18:2 are found to be similar to those of EP/APP. Conversely, the tensile strength and impact strength of EP/APP-KH560-P 18:2 increase by 23.8% and 74.3%, respectively, compared to EP/APP. KH560-P shows significantly better performance in the flame-retardant EP.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
化学工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL
·
2024
·
IF 13.3
Wei-hang Chen,De-xiang Sun,Duo-yang Zhang,Xiao-dong Qi,Jing-hui Yang,Lin Wang,Yong Wang
Polylactic acid (PLA) exhibits wide potential applications in many fields ranging from textile, packaging material to biomedical devices. However, the relatively low mechanical properties and inflammability are obstacles to the expansion of its application. Here, a kind of polyphosphazene nanoparticles with tannic acid (TA) as template, hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene (HCCP) and 4,4′-Sulfonyldiphenol (BPS) as comonomers were prepared (named as HTB), and then combined with ammonium polyphosphate (APP) to enhance the comprehensive properties of PLA composites. The introduction of HTB strengthened the interfacial adhesion of composites via constructing the hydrogen bond interaction between PLA and APP, promoting the homogenous dispersion of APP in the composite and the formation of APP network. The flame retardant measurements presented that incorporating 10 wt% APP and 5 wt% HTB in PLA increased the limit oxygen index (LOI) value to 31.0% and endowed the composite with the V-0 rating of UL-94 test and simultaneously, the peak of heat release rate (PHRR) and total heat release (THR) of the composite decreased by 14.2% and 13.2% compared with pure PLA. Specially, there was almost no melt drip appeared during the combustion process, which was distinctly different from the combustion behavior of the composite containing only 20 wt% APP with the V-2 rating of UL-94 test. The uniform dispersion of APP in the PLA matrix and the strong interfacial adhesion between APP and the PLA matrix contribute to the enhancement of the mechanical properties of composites, and the elongation at break, Young’s modulus and impact strength of the composite were increased by 52.9%, 7.6% and 24.2%, respectively. The present study offers novel insights for the trade-off between flame retardancy and mechanical properties with PLA composites.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
高分子化学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL MACROMOLECULES
·
2025
·
IF 8.5
Yunfan Li,Zhiwang Yang,Jie Guan,Qibin Yan,Ziqiang Lei
Epoxy resin (EP) is an industrially essential polymer widely used in electronic packaging, adhesives, and construction. Despite its utility, the high flammability of EP poses a significant safety risk. In this study, a novel chitosan-derived organic-inorganic hybrid flame retardant (CPMM) was synthesized, which was then combined with ammonium polyphosphate (APP) and added to epoxy resin (EP) to produce high-performance flame-retardant epoxy thermosets. Samples containing 7.5 wt% CPMM and 7.5 wt% APP reached a limiting oxygen index (LOI) of 30.5 % and a V-0 rating, along with a marked decrease in peak heat release rate from 1447.0 kW/m 2 to 267.1 kW/m 2 compared to pure EP. Thermogravimetric analysis indicated that the synergistic effect of CPMM and APP promotes the formation of more complete intumescent char structures, thereby enhancing the flame-retardant properties of the epoxy thermosets. Furthermore, mechanical performance tests showed improvements in both tensile and flexural strengths due to the robust interaction between CPMM and the matrix. This study provides a promising strategy for the design of bio-based organic-inorganic hybrid flame retardants and epoxy thermosets with enhanced performance.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
化学工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
POLYMERS FOR ADVANCED TECHNOLOGIES
·
2020
·Vol. 31
·期 11
·2763-2774
·
IF 2.578
Shuo Fan,Yanlu Sun,Xueli Wang,Jianyong Yu,Dequn Wu,Faxue Li
A novel organic-inorganic flame retardant (SP-APP) was first designed by coating ammonium polyphosphate (APP) with Schiff base-containing branched polysiloxane via ion exchange reaction and dehydration-condensation. High water resistance and charring capacity of the SP-APP greatly overcame the poor water resistance of APP and endowed polyamide 6 (PA6) with excellent flame retardancy and anti-dripping. The prepared PA6/SP-APP composite with 12 wt% of SP-APP reached the highest limited oxygen index (LOI) of 32.5% and passed V-0 rating of UL-94 test with non-dripping, while PA6 and PA6/APP with 12 wt% of APP failed to pass the UL-94 test. A sharp reduction of 50.9% in peak heat release rate (PHRR) and 29.4% in total heat release (THR) was found for PA6/SP-APP in contrast with PA6. The working mechanism of SP-APP in enhancing the flame retardancy of PA6 was also explored intensively and the synergistic effects of catalytic degradation of APP, self-crosslinking behavior of Schiff base structure and thermo-oxidative degradation of branched polysiloxane contributed to the improvement of flame retardancy of PA6/SP-APP.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
高分子化学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
Polymers
·
2020
·Vol. 12
·期 11
·2761
·
IF 3.426
Yingtong Pan,Zhonglin Luo,Biaobing Wang
Modified ammonium polyphosphate (MAPP) was prepared as a novel mono-component intumescent flame retardant (IFR) via the ionic exchange between ammonium polyphosphate (APP) and piperazine sulfonate, which is synthesized by self-assembly using 1-(2-aminoethyl) piperazine (AEP) andp-aminobenzene sulfonic acid (ASC) as raw materials. This all-in-one IFR integrating three functional elements (carbon, acid, and gas source) showed more efficient flame retardancy and excellent smoke suppression as well as better mechanical properties than the conventional APP. The incorporation of 22.5 wt.% MAPP into polypropylene (PP) eliminated the melt dripping phenomenon and passed the UL-94 V-0 rating. The results of the cone calorimetry test (CCT) revealed that the release of heat, smoke, and CO is significantly decreased, demonstrating that this novel IFR endows PP with excellent fire safety more effectively. For PP/MAPP composites, a possible IFR mechanism was proposed based on the analysis of the pyrolysis gas and char residues.Keywords:ionic exchange;self-assembly;modified ammonium polyphosphate;polypropylene;combustion behavior
研究领域:
材料科学
·
化学工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
Materials
·
2019
·Vol. 12
·期 24
·4035
·
IF 2.972
Junsheng Wang,Lei Xue,Bi Zhao,Guide Lin,Xing Jin,Dan Liu,Haibo Zhu,Jinjun Yang,Ke Shang
The intumescent flame retardant ethylene–propylene–diene rubber (EPDM) was prepared using intumescent flame retardant (IFR), including ammonium polyphosphate (APP) /pentaerythrotol (PER) and expandable graphite (EG), as the flame retardant agent. The effects of IFR and EG on the flame retardancy, fire behavior, and thermal stability of the EPDM were investigated. The results show that IFR and EG have excellent synergistic flame retardant effects. When the mass ratio of IFR to EG is 3:1 and the total addition content is 40 phr, the limiting oxygen index (LOI) value of the EPDM material (EPDM/IFR/EG) can reach 30.4%, and it can pass a V-0 rating in the vertical combustion (UL-94) test. Meanwhile, during the cone calorimetry test, the heat release rate and total heat release of EPDM/IFR/EG are 69.0% and 33.3% lower than that of the pure EPDM, respectively, and the smoke release of the material also decreases significantly, suggesting that the sample shows good fire safety. In addition, the flame retardant mechanism of IFR and EG is systematically investigated by thermogravimetric analysis/infrared spectrometry (TG-IR), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and the results indicate that IFR and EG have only physical interaction. Moreover, the reason why IFR exhibits a poor flame retardant effect in EPDM materials is explained.Keywords:ethylene–propylene–diene rubber;flame retardancy;fire behavior;synergistic flame retardant effect;flame retardant mechanism
研究领域:
材料科学
·
化学工程
✓ 已验证
DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
POWDER TECHNOLOGY
·
2020
·
IF 4.142
Zhiquan Chen,Juncheng Jiang,Yuan Yu,Qingwu Zhang,Tingting Chen,Lei Ni
ABSTRACT In order to develop an environmentally benign flame retardant for unsaturated polyester resins (UPR), an effective intumescent flame retardant architecture based on chitosan (CH) and ammonium polyphosphate (APP) was successfully deposited on the surface of diatomite particles by Layer-by-layer (LbL) assembly. With nine bilayers of CH/APP coating, UPR/ 9 BL@Dia composites exhibiting LOI value of 25.7% and V -0 rating. Cone calorimetry test reveals that 9 BL@Dia reduces the peak heat release rate and total heat release of UPR by 40.8% and 18.1%, respectively. Due to the unique morphology of 9 BL@Dia particles, UPR/ 9 BL@Dia composites achieves greater thermal stability and higher char yields than pure UPR. Based on the investigation of the gas and condensed phase, flame retardant mechanism of n BL@Dia was proposed as that APP/CH was heated to form phosphate esters, and then combined with diatomite to form a more stable and firm carbon structure, which can improve the fire safety of UPR composites.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
化学工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
POLYMERS FOR ADVANCED TECHNOLOGIES
·
2020
·Vol. 31
·期 5
·997-1006
·
IF 2.578
Xinyao Lv,Wei Zeng,Zhiwang Yang,Yaoxia Yang,Yun Wang,Ziqiang Lei,Jinling Liu,Denglong Chen
A novel zeolitic imidazolate framework (ZIF-8) nanoparticles@polyphosphazene (PZN) core-shell architecture was synthesized, and then, ZIF-8@PZN and ammonium polyphosphate (APP) were applied for increasing the flame retardancy and mechanical property of epoxy resin (EP) through a cooperative effect. Herein, ZIF-8 was used as the core; the shell of PZN was coated to ZIF-8 nanoparticles via a polycondensation method. The well-designed ZIF-8@PZN displayed superior fire retardancy and smoke suppression effect. The synthesized ZIF-8@PZN observably raised the flame retardancy of EP composites, which could be demonstrated by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and a cone calorimeter test (CCT). The chemical structure of ZIF-8@PZN was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Compared with pure epoxy, with the incorporation of 3 wt% ZIF-8@PZN and 18 wt% APP into the EP, along with 80.8%, 72.6%, and 64.7% decreased in the peak heat release rate (pHRR), the peak smoke production rate (pSPR), and the peak CO production rate (pCOPR), respectively. These suggested that ZIF-8@PZN and APP generated an intumescent char layer, and ZIF-8@PZN can strengthen the char layer, resulting in the enhancement in the flame resistance of EP.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
化学工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
危险品化学品经营许可证（带存储）