JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL AND APPLIED PYROLYSIS
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2020
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IF 3.905
Yanshuxian Liu,Yilei Fan,Zhongping Huang,Huijun Liu,Lili Wang,Zhenlu Shen,Ichi Watanabe
A novel method based on on-line pyrolytic methylation-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry was established and applied into rapid determination of γ-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) in human hair. With the pyrolytic methylation by tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH), GHB was converted into its corresponding methyl ester in the pyrolyzer at 500 °C. Thus, GHB in hair samples could be well determined by GC/MS on a capillary column in SIM mode. To obtain optimum methylation conditions, important factors were investigated and then applied to the following experiments. The results were obtained as following: 500 °C as reaction temperature, 2:1 as the proportion of TMAH to GHB. The achieved calibration curve exhibited good linearity with the correlation coefficient of 0.9997 at the concentraion range of 2−200 ng/mg, and relative standard deviation (n = 3) from 1.3 %–7.7 %. The limit of detection and the limit of quantification were down to 0.3 ng/mg and 1.0 ng/mg, respectively. The precision ranged from 2.0 %–7.9 % and the recovery ranged from 98.5 %–107.4 %. The results of on-line pyrolytic methylation-GC/MS were in agreement with those observed by the referenced off-line silylation-GC/MS method. The method was applied to a real case of a woman addicted to GHB, the drug concentration in hair segments of 0−5 cm and 5−10 cm from the root strand well correlated with the use of GHB in different periods of her life. The proposed method demonstrated significant potential in the application of rapid determination for GHB in human hair.
研究领域:
法医毒理学
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药物代谢
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分析化学
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生物样本分析
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临床化学
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POULTRY SCIENCE
·
2024
·
IF 3.8
Xiaoying Liu,Kailong Qin,Chaohui Wang,Xi Sun,Yun Li,Yanli Liu,Xiaojun Yang
The hyperplasia and hypertrophy of preadipocytes were closely related to lipid deposition in animals. Butyric acid was reported to be involved in lipid metabolism. The aim of the current study was to investigate the effect of butyric acid on the proliferation and differentiation of the immortalized chicken preadipocyte 2 (ICP2). ICP2 were treated respectively with 12mM butyric acid for 48h in proliferation trial and 4mM butyric acid plus 200 μM oleic acid for 3 days in differentiation trial. For the proliferation trial, RNA-seq analysis revealed that 2039 genes were significantly up-regulated and 780 genes were significantly down-regulated with 12 mM butyric acid after 48 h treatment. Concurrently, Cell cycle, DNA replication and p53 signaling pathways were down-regulated in Butyric acid group. More importantly, 12 mM butyric acid restrained the expression of cell proliferation genes such as PCNA, CDK1 and CDK2 in Butyric acid group ( P <0.05), and the protein expression levels of PCNA and CDK1 were also significantly decreased ( P <0.05). The Oil red staining revealed a fewer presence of red fat droplets in ICP2 following treatment with 4 mM butyric acid, accompanied by decreased levels of total cholesterol (TC) and triglycerides (TG). RNA-seq analysis shown that the number of up and down-regulated genes were 2095 and 1042 respectively in OAB group (oleic acid+butyric acid) when compared with OA group (oleic acid). Meanwhile the AMPK signaling pathway, FOXO signaling pathway and focal adhesion were significantly enriched in OAB group. Additionally, 4 mM butyric acid inhibited the expression of lipid differentiation genes including FABP4, C/EBPα, PPARγ and LPL in OAB group ( P <0.05), as well as lipogenesis proteins such as FABP4, C/EBP-α and PPARγ ( P <0.05). In conclusion, 12 mM butyric acid effectively inhibited the proliferation of ICP2 by slowing down cell cycle progression, while 4 mM butyric acid alleviated lipid deposition by reducing the production of lipid droplets through inhibiting the expression of lipid differentiation marker genes and proteins.
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FOOD RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL
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2026
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IF 8.8
Yaning Nie,Ting Xia,Yihong Fu,Yixie Chen,Jun Wang,Nannan Zhang,Shuxia Huang,Junhong Yu,Min Wang
Dark beer melanoidin (BM) exhibited colloidal properties and negative charge. • Glycosidic, peptide and non-covalent bonds were broken after chemical treatment. • Structure and bioactivity of BM were relatively stable during in vitro digestion. • The levels of polyphenolics and SCFAs were increased during colonic fermentation. • Phloroglucinol was the main phenolic compound during colonic fermentation. Melanoidins are brown macromolecular products of Maillard reaction formed through thermal processing, which provide unique flavor and bioactive function of food. This study aims to reveal the changes of structure and bioactive characteristics in beer melanoidin-rich fraction (BM) during different chemical treatments and in vitro digestion and fermentation. The results showed that BM had colloidal properties with 24.21–99.28 nm and negative charge, which mainly contained carbohydrates. In addition, microscopic morphology showed surface cracks after acid treatment, blocky particles after alkali treatment, and some porous small particles after salt treatment. These might be caused by the disruption of polysaccharide, protein, and the skeleton structure through spectra. Moreover, during simulated in vitro digestion stage, Mw of BM was slightly decreased, which might be due to the breakage of glycosidic bonds. Microscopic morphology presented a relatively complete block structure. However, the contents of total phenolics and flavonoids and the production of short-chain fatty acids were significantly increased during colonic fermentation process. Phloroglucinol was the main phenolic compound and its content also increased during colonic fermentation. Collectively, the results indicated that BM had relative stability during the digestion stage, and released bioactive compounds during colonic fermentation. These findings suggest that BM, as a novel colloidal prebiotic, possesses potential role in intestinal health. Download: Download high-res image (164KB) Download: Download full-size image
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npj Science of Food
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2026
·
IF 9.7
Shi Yuxuan,Sun Jiayi,Chen Lin,Xu Shuang,Guo Shasha,Xu Anan,Ye Qun,Wang Yuefei,Xu Ping
While black tea’s oxidized polyphenols hold potential for gut health, the specific protective mechanisms of its ethanol-soluble fraction (BES), particularly regarding host-microbiota interactions, remain poorly defined. This study elucidated the dual mechanisms through which BES ameliorates dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis in mice. By integrating network pharmacology, molecular docking/dynamics simulations, RT-qPCR, and Western blot analysis, we identified the PI3K/AKT signaling axis as a potential host target. Our findings suggest that key flavonoid constituents stably bind to critical nodes, potentially downregulating the expression and activation of pathway components. Concurrently, 16S rRNA sequencing and metabolomics revealed that BES reshaped gut microbiota by suppressing Akkermansia and enriching SCFA producers such as Lactobacillus , restoring fecal SCFA levels. Fecal microbiota transplantation confirmed that BES-modulated microbiota alone transferred protection. Thus, BES acts concertedly through direct PI3K/AKT inhibition and indirect microbiota-SCFA modulation, providing a mechanistic basis for targeted use of black tea fractions in intestinal inflammation.
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Microorganisms
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2026
·Vol. 14
·期 8
·1814
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IF 4.7
Huipeng Liu,Xining Geng,Yousi Fu
Pectin oligosaccharides have emerged as promising prebiotics whose biological activities are closely tied to their structural features, particularly monosaccharide composition. However, systematic experimental evidence regarding how different monosaccharide compositions collectively influence gut microbiota modulation, SCFA production, and the metabolomic responses of mixed pectin oligosaccharides remains limited. To address this gap, Pool-I (27.92% galacturonic acid, rich in neutral sugars including galactose, glucose, and arabinose) and Pool-II (98.73% galacturonic acid) were evaluated by comparison with inulin, a reference prebiotic, using an in vitro human fecal fermentation model. Microbial community structure, SCFA production, and metabolomic profiles were assessed at 12 h and 24 h via 16S rRNA gene sequencing, gas chromatography, and untargeted metabolomics, respectively. Inulin exhibited superior enrichment of Actinobacteria (predominantly Bifidobacterium ) and consistently higher total SCFA production (24.07 ± 0.25 mmol/L acetic acid at 24 h vs. 20.27 ± 0.28 and 20.53 ± 0.76 mmol/L for pectin oligosaccharides), particularly propionic and butyric acids. Although Pool-I and Pool-II yielded lower overall SCFA concentrations, they significantly enriched beneficial SCFA-producing genera (including Coprococcus_3 , Butyricicoccus , and Parabacteroides ) at 24 h. Metabolomic analysis revealed that Pool-I uniquely upregulated twenty-six differential metabolites ( VIP > 1, p < 0.05), including taurine ( VIP = 2.40, p < 0.001), L-proline ( VIP = 1.72, p = 0.015), and pantothenate ( VIP = 1.63, p < 0.001), while reducing uric acid ( VIP = 1.05, p < 0.001), whereas only two differential metabolites were identified for Pool-II. We conclude that monosaccharide composition is a key determinant of the prebiotic efficacy of pectin oligosaccharides: Pool-II selectively promotes SCFA-producing taxa, whereas Pool-I elicits broader metabolic regulation. These effects provide a theoretical foundation for developing pectin oligosaccharides as potential prebiotic candidates.
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ACS Omega
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2026
·Vol. 11
·期 32
·47667-47674
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IF 5.2
Han Lu,Lin Ling,Xu Haiju,Hu Qinjia,Xie Dan
To improve the solubility
and bioavailability of astaxanthin
while
enhancing its processing properties, this study established an eco-friendly,
highly efficient microwave-assisted Z -isomerization
system. We first conducted a systematic screening of various menthol-based
deep eutectic solvents (DESs) to identify the most effective medium
for this conversion. Following the selection of the optimal DES, we
investigated the catalytic effect of three representative natural
sulfur-containing compounds─methyl isothiocyanate (MITC), hexyl
isothiocyanate, and dimethyltrisulfide─under microwave irradiation.
Furthermore, we systematically evaluated the influence of other key
process parameters, including heating method, catalyst dosage, astaxanthin
mass concentration, microwave power, temperature, and duration, through
single-factor experiments. The results demonstrated that the menthol-acetic
acid-based DES provided the most effective reaction environment, and
MITC exhibited the highest catalytic efficacy, achieving a peak total Z -isomer proportion of 36.2% at 60 mg/mL, compared to a
baseline of 6.82% in the catalyst-free control group. Mechanistic
analysis suggests that the electrophilicity of isothiocyanates and
the steric effects of their side chains play critical roles in the
isomerization process. These findings demonstrate that this green
processing system can serve as an efficient and sustainable approach
for the production of Z -isomer-enriched astaxanthin.
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FOOD RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL
·
2026
·
IF 8.8
Lingjin Li,Mengyuan Qin,Zhiqiang Xu,Yuanteng Xu,Yan Hong,Li Cheng,Zhengbiao Gu
The esterase-mediated esterolysis is the key for specific butyrate production. • Carboxylesterase assay verified the involvement of esterases during the fermentation. • The classical metabolic pathway for nonspecific butyrate production is altered. Butyrylated starch is a special type-4 resistant starch with butyrate-carrying attribute. In this study, the unique butyrate-producing capability of butyrylated starch was deeply investigated by focusing on its specific and nonspecific butyrate-producing pathways, respectively, using specially designed substrates as controls. In vitro fermentation studies revealed that butyrylated and isobutyrylated starches generated high levels of butyrate and isobutyrate, respectively, highlighting the role of butyryl group metabolism in the specificity of butyrate production. Carboxylesterase assays have demonstrated that butyryl group metabolism is primarily facilitated by carbohydrate esterases expressed in the gut microbiota. Combined with 16S rRNA sequencing and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis, it was found that butyrylated starch fermentation did not significantly enhance traditional butyrate synthesis pathways but modified the balance between the butyryl-CoA:acetyl-CoA transferase and butyrate kinase pathways by altering the gut microbiota composition, specifically by upregulating the relative abundance of indicator species such as Bacteroides , the Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group , and Parabacteroides . These insights offer theoretical guidance for designing butyrylated starch structures and regulating intestinal health. Download: Download high-res image (169KB) Download: Download full-size image
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Frontiers in Pharmacology
·
2026
·
IF 5.4
Nan Hu,Minyan Qian,Yanru Liu,Zhenwei Jiang,Caomei Xu,Wenting Zhang,Jingting Jiang
Backgroud Immunosuppressant tacrolimus (TAC) induces glucose metabolism disorder and diabetes mellitus (DM) closely associated with intestinal microbiota dysbiosis and reduced bile acid levels, and this study aimed to explore the ameliorative effect and underlying mechanism of hyodeoxycholic acid (HDCA) on TAC-induced DM in rat models. Methods We first verified the critical role of intestinal microbiota and bile acids in the pathogenesis of TAC-induced DM via antibiotic-induced gut microbiota depletion, then orally administered HDCA (100 mg/kg) to TAC-induced diabetic rats to evaluate its protective efficacy, detecting glycolipid metabolism indices, targeted bile acid omics, FXR/TGR5 protein expression, serum and ileal GLP/FGF15 levels, and mRNA levels of key metabolic genes including Cyp7a1, Cyp27a1, Cyp7b1, Cyp8b1, Fgfr4, Creb1 and Ppargc1a . Results Antibiotic treatment significantly reduced BSH-active gut microbiota such as Bacteroides and Lactobacillus , disrupting the serum bile acid pool and exacerbating diabetic symptoms by altering the gut microbiota-bile acid axis; while HDCA administration markedly improved glucose tolerance and reshaped bile acid profiles in TAC-induced diabetic rats, specifically lowering serum and fecal 12-OH/Non-12-OH BAs ratio via downregulating hepatic Cyp7a1 and upregulating hepatic Cyp8b1 expression. HDCA also suppressed enteroendocrine cell-derived GLP-1 secretion, decreased serum and ileal FGF15 levels, and reduced the expression of ileal FXR as well as hepatic Creb1 and Ppargc1a. Conclusions Collectively, HDCA exerts a significant ameliorative effect on TACinduced DM by regulating metabolic enzymes and altering bile acid profiles, with the core mechanism involving inhibited enterohepatic FXR-FGF15 axis, increased GLP-1 secretion and suppressed hepatic gluconeogenesis, all of which play key regulatory roles in this protective process.
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JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY A
·
2026
·
IF 4
Mengting Fu,Huimin Zhang,Mengting Cui,Jinling Bai,Zhiyu Liu,Zhixin Ouyang,Liyun Kong
A green HDES-based TA-DLLME was developed for PAEs analysis in beverages. • Optimized method achieved high preconcentration factors and low detection limits. • COSMO-RS and DFT studies revealed strong hydrogen-bonding interactions. • Sample analysis detected PAEs in beverages meeting national food safety standards. The quantification of phthalic acid esters (PAEs) in food and beverages is crucial for assessing human exposure levels. In this study, an environmentally benign microextraction methodology was developed utilizing a thymol-butyric acid deep eutectic solvent (DES) for the sensitive determination of six PAEs in beverage samples. Through systematic optimization, the temperature-assisted dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (TA-DLLME) protocol achieved high enrichment factors (82.01–112.39) and extraction recoveries (66.94%-91.75%). Low detection limits (1.14–4.85 μg/L) were achieved, when coupled with HPLC-PDA analysis. The validated method was successfully applied to commercial beverages, with PAEs detected in 78.6% of samples at concentrations ranging from 4.04 to 47.1 μg/L. Mechanistic investigations through COSMO-RS and DFT calculations revealed that strong hydrogen-bonding interactions between the DES components and PAEs (ΔE = -17.29 to -26.28 kcal/mol) are the primary driver of the high extraction efficiency. With the advantages of low solvent consumption (≤200 μL) and rapid processing (<15 min), this approach provides a sustainable and practical alternative for routine monitoring of PAEs in liquid food products. Download: Download high-res image (136KB) Download: Download full-size image
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Current Research in Food Science
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2026
·
IF 7.7
Kai Na,Cheng Chao,Tianfei Yu,Liqun Wang,Xiaotong Liu,Li Zhang,Kejue Feng,Junhua Lei,Yu Xiong,Xiaohua Guo
2′-Fucosyllactose (2′-FL), the most abundant human milk oligosaccharide (HMO), exhibits potent anti-inflammatory properties, yet the underlying mechanisms remain incompletely understood. This study employed an integrated approach combining in vitro fermentation systems, Caco-2 cell assays, in vivo murine colitis models, and molecular docking simulations to elucidate the dual mechanisms of 2′-FL action. In vitro fermentation revealed that 2′-FL selectively enhanced propionate and butyrate production while enriching Bacteroides acidifaciens and Allobaculum stercoricanis , key short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs)-producing taxa. In enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC)-infected Caco-2 cells, 2′-FL suppressed TLR4/p38 MAPK signaling and inflammation, an effect mirrored by propionate and butyrate. Similarly, in the dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced mouse colitis model, 2′-FL inhibited this signaling pathway, alleviated inflammation, and, in parallel, specifically elevated levels of propionate and butyrate. Molecular docking analyses also indicated that 2′-FL and its metabolites, propionate and butyrate, exhibit binding to the TLR4–MD2 complex with specific affinity. These results support a coordinated mechanism whereby 2′-FL alleviates intestinal inflammation through putative TLR4 antagonism and the microbiota-derived SCFAs, both of which converge to modulate the TLR4/p38 MAPK-dependent signaling axis. Our work provides a mechanistic foundation for 2′-FL as a precision prebiotic targeting gut inflammation via host-microbe crosstalk.
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Frontiers in Microbiology
·
2026
·
IF 5.8
Mengting Li,Shuiming Xiao,Yanli Wang,Tao Li,Qin Hu,Lijinchuan Dong,Yuxuan Guo,Zhe Shi,Qing Yang,Weiyan Cai,Qi Li,Bo Peng,Pengyue Li,Xiaogang Weng,Yajie Wang,Yujie Li,Yu Dong,Xiaoxin Zhu,Zipeng Gong,Ying Chen
Introduction Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a typical disorder of gut-brain interaction (DGBI). The microbiota-gut-brain (MGB) axis is pivotal in preventing and treating IBS. Wuji Pill is a traditional Chinese medicine commonly used to treat IBS. This study aimed to investigate the mechanism by which Wuji Pill improves IBS via the MGB axis. Methods The visceral sensitivity and colonic motor function were evaluated using the abdominal wall withdrawal reflex test and the colonic motility curve. Depression-like behavior were evaluated using sucrose preference test, open field test, novelty-suppressed feeding test, and forced swimming tests. The intestinal mucus secretion and the activation status of microglia was detected using AB-PAS staining and immunofluorescence staining, respectively. The species composition and abundance of gut microbiota were detected through 16S rRNA sequencing and RT-qPCR. Targeted metabonomics and RT-qPCR were used for metabolites and metabolic enzymes analysis. Results In this study, Wuji Pill improved the symptoms of IBS rats and increased the relative abundance of Akkermansia muciniphila in feces. Additionally, antibiotics affected the repair of intestinal mucus secretion and significantly reduced the level of short-chain fatty acids. Subsequently, fecal microbiota transplantation and A. muciniphila transplantation can improve the symptoms of IBS rat by increasing intestinal mucus secretion, elevating the levels of acetic acid and butyric acid in feces. Additionally, the microglia in the cortex were suppressed, and the tryptophan-kynurenine pathway in the hippocampus was inhibited, leading to the conversion of tryptophan into 5-HT. Discussion This study highlights the Wuji Pill may alleviate IBS symptoms by modulating A. muciniphila and regulating the tryptophan metabolism pathway through MGB axis.
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CyTA-Journal of Food
·
2026
·
IF 1.7
Xiaoxiao Wang,Xianzhu Zhang,Minhao Xie
The gut microbiota, crucial for human health, is significantly modulated by dietary components, such as AX and CA; however, their combined synergistic effects remain poorly understood. Using in vitro fermentation, we examined individual and combined impacts of AX and CA on microbiota composition, metabolic activity, and the functional characteristics of Bifidobacterium longum. AX treatment enhanced short-chain fatty acid production, enriched beneficial genera, suppressed pathogens. In contrast, CA elevated the relative abundance of Megasphaera and upregulated bile acid pathways, while inhibiting Enterococcus. The combined AX-CA treatment amplified these beneficial shifts and enhanced pathogen suppression. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that AX upregulated B. longum genes associated with carbohydrate/amino acid metabolism, whereas CA stimulated lipid metabolism but exhibited dose-dependent growth inhibition. Furthermore, AX promoted the microbial biotransformation of CA to dihydrocaffeic acid. These results demonstrated AX and CA function as complementary prebiotics with significant potential to optimize gut microbial ecology and health-related metabolic functions.
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