ARCHIVES OF MICROBIOLOGY
·
2024
·Vol. 206
·期 3
·1-17
·
IF 2.3
Wang Ze,Zhang Wenwen,Wang Ziyan,Zhang Zhixuan,Liu Yan,Liu Songyi,Wu Qiaoli,Saiding Emilaguli,Han Jiaojiao,Zhou Jun,Xu Jiajie,Yi Xianghua,Zhang Zhen,Wang Rixin,Su Xiurong
A new strain of Bacillus velezensis NDB was isolated from Xiangshan Harbor and antibacterial test revealed antibacterial activity of this strain against 12 major pathogenic bacteria. The whole genome of the bacterium was sequenced and found to consist of a 4,214,838 bp circular chromosome and a 7410 bp circular plasmid. Furthermore, it was predicted by AntiSMASH and BAGEL4 to have 12 clusters of secondary metabolism genes for the synthesis of the inhibitors, fengycin, bacillomycin, macrolactin H, bacillaene, and difficidin, and there were also five clusters encoding potentially novel antimicrobial substances, as well as three bacteriocin biosynthesis gene clusters of amylocyclicin, ComX1, and LCI. qRT-PCR revealed significant up-regulation of antimicrobial secondary metabolite synthesis genes after 24 h of antagonism with pathogenic bacteria. Furthermore, MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry revealed that it can secrete surfactin non-ribosomal peptide synthase and polyketide synthase to exert antibacterial effects. GC-MS was used to analyze methanol extract of B. velezensis NDB, a total of 68 compounds were identified and these metabolites include 16 amino acids, 17 acids, 3 amines, 11 sugars, 11 alcohols, 1 ester, and 9 other compounds which can inhibit pathogenic bacteria by initiating the antibiotic secretion pathway. A comparative genomic analysis of gene families showed that the specificity of B. velezensis NDB was mainly reflected in environmental adaptability. Overall, this research on B. velezensis NDB provides the basis for elucidating its biocontrol effect and promotes its future application as a probiotic.
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PHYSIOLOGICAL AND MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY
·
2026
·
IF 3.6
Yongpan Xu,Ruiyan Li,Chaoyue Hu,Jian Zhang,Zihan Li,Meiying Liu,Gangyong Zhao,Zhaopeng Wei,Jianqing Ma,Yungen Ran,Dandan Cao
The southern root-knot nematode ( Meloidogyne incognita ) is one of the predominant pathogenic nematode species that severely threatens economically important crops. The application of biocontrol microorganisms or their metabolites represents an effective and environmentally friendly strategy for the management of root-knot nematodes. This study focused on the nematicidal activity of two Bacillus velezensis strains, RKN1111 and RKN2222, against M. incognita second-stage juveniles (J2s), and the identification of bioactive metabolites associated with their differential nematicidal effects. In vitro assays showed that, under comparable viable biomass conditions, the corrected mortality of J2s caused by RKN1111 (95.6%) was significantly higher than that caused by RKN2222 (46.2%). The LC 50 values of RKN1111 and RKN2222 were 0.58 × 10 8 and 5.86 × 10 8 CFU/mL, respectively. Metabolomic analysis revealed that, compared with RKN2222, RKN1111 exhibited 150 significantly upregulated differential metabolites. Among them, glycylvaline and N-cyclohexylformamide exhibited strong nematicidal activity against J2s, with corrected mortality rates of 88.7% and 81.7%, respectively, after 24 h treatment at 100-fold dilution of their saturated solutions. Moreover, the concentrations of glycylvaline (154 μg/mL) and N-cyclohexylformamide (4.5 μg/mL) in the original fermentation supernatant of RKN1111 were significantly higher than those in RKN2222 (43 μg/mL and 2.8 μg/mL, respectively). Further concentration-gradient bioassays combined with quantitative analysis showed that the concentration of N-cyclohexylformamide in the RKN1111 supernatant was far below the concentration threshold required for effective nematicidal activity, indicating that its direct contribution to the nematicidal activity of the supernatant was limited. In contrast, glycylvaline still exhibited marked nematicidal activity at concentrations close to those measured in the RKN1111 supernatant by HPLC. However, glycylvaline alone could not fully explain the high nematicidal activity of the RKN1111 supernatant, suggesting that it may be one of the major candidate contributors to the nematicidal activity of RKN1111 and that synergistic effects among multiple metabolites may also be involved. Overall, glycylvaline was identified as the strongest candidate bioactive metabolite screened in this study. These results provide a theoretical basis for the further development of RKN1111 as a potential biocontrol strain, as well as for further investigation of glycylvaline and the high-concentration nematicidal activity of N-cyclohexylformamide.
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Frontiers in Plant Science
·
2024
·
IF 4.1
Xuan Zhe,Wang Yu,Shen Yuying,Pan Xiao,Wang Jiatong,Liu Wenbo,Miao Weiguo,Jin Pengfei
Background: Pepper veinal mottle virus (PVMV) belongs to the genus Potyvirus within the family Potyviridae and is a major threat to pepper production, causing reduction in yield and fruit quality; however, efficient pesticides and chemical treatments for plant protection against viral infections are lacking. Hence, there is a critical need to discover highly active and environment-friendly antiviral agents derived from natural sources. Bacillus spp. are widely utilized as biocontrol agents to manage fungal, bacterial, and viral plant diseases. Particularly, Bacillus velezensis HN-2 exhibits a strong antibiotic activity against plant pathogens and can also induce plant resistance.Methods: The experimental subjects employed in this study were Bacillus velezensis HN-2, benzothiadiazole, and dufulin, aiming to evaluate their impact on antioxidant activity, levels of reactive oxygen species, activity of defense enzymes, and expression of defense-related genes in Nicotiana benthamiana. Furthermore, the colonization ability of Bacillus velezensis HN-2 in Capsicum chinense was investigated. Results: The results of bioassays revealed the robust colonization capability of Bacillus velezensis HN-2, particularly in intercellular spaces, leading to delayed infection and enhanced protection against PVMV through multiple plant defense mechanisms, thereby promoting plant growth. Furthermore, Bacillus velezensis HN-2 increased the activities of antioxidant enzymes, thereby mitigating the PVMV-induced ROS production in Nicotiana benthamiana. Moreover, the application of Bacillus velezensis HN-2 at 5 dpi significantly increased the expression of JA-responsive genes, whereas the expression of salicylic acid-responsive genes remained unchanged, implying the activation of the JA signaling pathway as a crucial mechanism underlying Bacillus velezensis HN-2-induced anti-PVMV activity. Immunoblot analysis revealed that HN-2 treatment delayed PVMV infection at 15 dpi, further highlighting its role in inducing plant resistance and promoting growth and development. Conclusions: These findings underscore the potential of Bacillus velezensis HN-2 for field application in managing viral plant diseases effectively.
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Microbial Biotechnology
·
2024
·Vol. 17
·期 10
·e70026
·
IF 4.8
Jiale Hu,Zhigang Wang,Weihui Xu
Fusarium wilt is one of the major constraints on global watermelon production, and Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum (Fon) is the causative agent of Fusarium wilt in watermelon and results in severe yield and quality losses worldwide. The enhancement of antifungal activity from antagonistic bacteria against Fon is highly practical for managing Fusarium wilt in watermelon. The aim of this study was to maximize the antifungal activity of Bacillus velezensis LZN01 by optimizing fermentation conditions and analysing its regulatory mechanism via transcriptome sequencing. The culture and fermentation conditions for strain LZN01 were optimized by single-factor and response surface experiments. The optimum culture conditions for this strain were as follows: the addition of D-fructose at 35 g/L and NH 4 Cl at 5 g/L in LB medium, pH 7, and incubation at 30°C for 72 h. The fungal inhibition rate for strain LZN01 reached 71.1%. The improvement of inhibition rate for strain LZN01 in optimization fermentation was supported by transcriptomic analysis; a total of 491 genes were upregulated, while 736 genes were downregulated. Transcriptome analysis revealed that some differentially expressed genes involved in carbon and nitrogen metabolism, oxidation–reduction, fatty acid and secondary metabolism; This optimization process could potentially lead to significant alterations in the production levels and types of antimicrobial compounds by the strain. Metabolomics and UPLC/Q-Exactive Orbitrap MS analysis revealed that the production yields of antimicrobial compounds, such as surfactin, fengycin, shikimic acid, and myriocin, increased or were detected in the cell-free supernatant (CFS) after the fermentation optimization process. Our results indicate that fermentation optimization enhances the antifungal activity of the LZN01 strain by influencing the expression of genes responsible for the synthesis of antimicrobial compounds. Graphical The yields of antimicrobial compounds, such as surfactin, fengycin, shikimic acid, and myriocin, increased or were observed in the optimized fermentation CFS. In conclusion, fermentation conditions improved the antifungal activity of the LZN01 strain and influenced the expression of genes involved in the synthesis of antimicrobial compounds.
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Food Bioscience
·
2026
·
IF 6.2
Xifeng Zuo,Keying Li,Qingyan Pan,Zhe Liu,Danjuan Wang,Ailing Guo
Optimized postbiotics achieved 88.5% AFB 1 degradation with Cu 2+ or Fe 2+ . • Postbiotics attack furan and lactone rings of AFB1 to yield C 17 H 12 O 5 and C 16 H 12 O 5 . • Postbiotics reduced AFB 1 in peanut meal to below safety standard. • Postbiotics alleviated hepatic injury and inflammation in mice. • Postbiotics promoted the colonization of beneficial gut microbials. Probiotics and postbiotics offer a promising approach to decontaminate widely occurring aflatoxin B 1 (AFB 1 ). This study identified and optimized the postbiotics from Bacillus velezensis 906, systematically exploring the degradation products and pathways and evaluating the degradation efficacy and in vivo safety. The optimized postbiotics degraded 77.6% of AFB 1 in vitro , which increased to 88.5% with Cu 2+ supplementation. The degradation process involves lactone ring cleavage and furan ring modification to yield C 17 H 12 O 5 and C 16 H 12 O 5 . In moldy peanut meal, treatment merely with postbiotics and probiotics inhibited fungal growth and reduced AFB 1 from 100.86 μg/kg to 37.54 μg/kg and 45.81 μg/kg, while preserving nutritional quality. Oral gavage of moldy peanut meal treated with postbiotics significantly reduced serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) by 29%, malondialdehyde (MDA) by 43.60% and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) by 59.8%, and normalized liver pathology and the gut microbiota ratio. In summary, B. velezensis 906 can efficiently degrade AFB 1 , ensuring the safety of moldy peanut meal for consumption while preserving its quality and nutritional value, providing an effective and safe strategy for the mycotoxin bioremediation in food and feed matrices. Download: Download high-res image (440KB) Download: Download full-size image
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PLANT CELL AND ENVIRONMENT
·
2026
·
IF 6.9
Chang Yang,Yu-Meng Zhang,Bao-Zhu Fang,Jian Wang,Lei Gao,Kun Zhang,Man-Qing Huang,Yong-Kang Li,Yi-Li Chen,Xin Cai,Wen-Jun Li,Nan Yao
Beneficial plant-associated microbes such as Bacillus species have important potential uses as bioinoculants that reduce dependence on agricultural chemicals. These microbes produce diverse metabolites that enhance plant resilience, but the functions of these compounds and the associated plant hormone pathways remain unclear. Using Bacillus velezensis ES-120, a novel strain isolated from Chenopodium album L., we demonstrate that distinct classes of ES-120 metabolites play different roles. Using Arabidopsis thaliana , we show that non-volatile soluble metabolites produced by ES-120, including lipopeptides identified by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography, exhibit biocontrol activity by inhibiting multiple soil-borne pathogens. In contrast, volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted by ES-120 promote plant growth, likely by modulating auxin and brassinosteroid (BR) signalling pathways, with effects sustained across diverse conditions. Headspace solid-phase microextraction coupled with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry identified multiple VOCs produced by ES-120. Individual compounds showed limited activity, suggesting that growth promotion may depend on interactions among multiple VOCs or on an undetected low-abundance compound. In greenhouse trials, ES-120 reduced wilt in tomato ( Solanum lycopersicum ) and increased the biomass of Chinese cabbage ( Brassica rapa var. chinensis ). Thus, B. velezensis ES-120 functions as a dual-purpose bioinoculant: its soluble metabolites suppress soil-borne pathogens and its VOCs enhance plant growth via auxin and BR pathways, highlighting its potential for sustainable agriculture.
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SCIENTIA HORTICULTURAE
·
2024
·
IF 3.9
Huajun Kang,Tengfei Fan,Yanxia Shi,Xuewen Xie,Lei Li,Sheng Xiang,Jianming Xie,Baoju Li,Ali Chai
Biological control agents are beneficial microorganisms that protect plants from disease. However, the effectiveness and viability of microorganisms are often influenced by severe environmental conditions. Encapsulation of microbial cells can protect them from biotic and abiotic stresses. The objectives of this work were to encapsulate Bacillus velezensis ZF481 (ZF481) with chitosan and carrageenan to prepare macrospheres and evaluate their control effect on clubroot disease. Macrospheres with different ratios of chitosan (2 % w/w)/carrageenan (0.3 % w/v) were synthesized by an ionic gelation method, and the bacterial cells of ZF481 were loaded into macrospheres. The maximum swelling ratio (634 %) and maximum survival rate (64.72 ± 2.65 %) were obtained from macrospheres with chitosan: carrageenan ratio of 1: 1. The number of bacteria released from macrospheres into sterile phosphate buffer solution (pH 7.4) reached a release balance after 48 h. The bacteria could be slowly released from macrospheres into the soil. The survival rate of the encapsulated bacteria respectively was 73.33 % and 67.31 % when stored at 4 °C and 25 °C for 80 days, respectively. The control efficiency of ZF481 macrospheres (chitosan: carrageenan, 1: 1) on clubroot disease in pak choi under greenhouse conditions and Chinese cabbage under field conditions was significantly higher than that of ZF481 culture. Moreover, the ZF481 macrospheres also enhanced the plant growth. Collectively, chitosan and carrageenan are ideal wall materials for preparing slow-release bacterial macrospheres to control clubroot. The macrospheres retard the release of B.velezensis ZF481 in soils and significantly improve its biocontrol efficiency on clubroot in pak choi and Chinese cabbage. Thus, this study paves the way for forming formulations against the clubroot disease.
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Frontiers in Microbiology
·
2025
·
IF 4.5
Tongshu Liu,Yanli Zheng,Litao Wang,Xu Wang,Haiyan Wang,Yongqiang Tian
Introduction: Surfactins, a class of lipopeptide biosurfactants secreted by plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), have garnered significant attention due to their dual functionality in promoting plant growth and controlling plant diseases. Their potential as biopesticides is underscored by their unique physicochemical properties and biological activities. However, the practical application of surfactin is currently limited by its low yield in natural strains.Methods: This study aimed to optimize the culture conditions for Bacillus velezensis BN, a strain with exceptional biocontrol properties, to enhance its surfactin yield. Critical factors, including nitrogen sources and amino acid supplementation, were systematically investigated to determine their impact on surfactin production.Results: The study revealed that nitrogen sources and amino acid supplementation were pivotal factors influencing surfactin yield. Compared to the baseline, these factors resulted in a remarkable 5.94-fold increase in surfactin production. Furthermore, a positive correlation was established between surfactin yield and biocontrol efficacy. Enhanced surfactin yield was associated with improved antifungal activity, biofilm formation, and rhizosphere colonization capacity of B. velezensis BN on potato plantlets.Discussion: These findings provide novel insights into the practical application of surfactin and establish a scientific foundation for the development of innovative and eco-friendly antifungal agents suitable for agricultural use. The results demonstrate that optimizing culture conditions can significantly enhance surfactin yield and biocontrol efficacy, thereby highlighting the potential for sustainable agricultural practices.
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WORLD JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY & BIOTECHNOLOGY
·
2026
·Vol. 42
·期 10
·560
·
IF 4.7
Xia Ruhan,Han Pengxiang,Zhao Qiangbo,Yao Wenzhi,Jiang JingJing,Dong Miaoyin,Li Mengfei
Astragalus mongholicus is one of the most commonly traditional Chinese herbal medicines in China and other Asian countries. However, the root rot disease caused by Fusarium oxysporum can severely reduce root yield and quality, resulting in significant large economic losses. Although biological control has attracted widespread attention due to its safety, environmental friendliness and sustainability, the biocontrol efficiency and potential mechanism of Bacillus velezensis against root rot of A. mongholicus have been rarely investigated. In the present study, a rhizosphere bacterium GNB3-7 was isolated from the rhizosphere soil of wild A. mongholicus and possessed the strong broad-spectrum antagonistic activity on multiple pathogenic fungi, which was identified as B. velezensis on the basis of whole-genome sequence analyses. Further genomic analyses revealed that the B. velezensis GNB3-7 has 12 biosynthetic gene clusters encoding antifungal secondary metabolites (e.g., surfactin, bacillibactin, bacilysin). In addition, a total of 36 volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were detected by GC-MS, among which benzothiazole, disulfide-dimethyl and 2-nonanone showed the strongest antifungal activities, with an inhibition rate of 99.41%, 96.87% and 92.69%, respectively. In pot experiments, the treatment rate and prevention efficiency of B. velezensis GNB3-7 against A. mongholicus root rot achieved 44.44% and 72.22%, respectively. Notably, the genes involved in plant induced systemic resistance (ISR, e.g., AmNPR1 , AmCHI2 and AmCOI1 ) were significantly up-regulated in treatment and prevention plants, indicating the activation of ISR in A. mongholicus . These results indicated that B. velezensis GNB3-7 could efficiently control root rot by synergistic action involving the production of metabolites and VOCs, activation of plant ISR, which deepens our understanding on the biocontrol mechanism of B . velezensis against root rot in medicinal plant A. mongholicus .
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Foods
·
2026
·Vol. 15
·期 3
·575
·
IF 6
Yiwei Dai,Huiru Zhao,Jincui Wei,Yingxi Chen,Xinping Lin,Sufang Zhang,Chaofan Ji
Chitosan oligosaccharides (COSs), obtained through the hydrolysis of chitosan, exhibit remarkable antibacterial properties. In pursuit of COSs with enhanced antibacterial activity, the enzymatic characteristics of the chitosanase fromBacillus velezensisYB1534 (BvChi) were investigated. The purified BvChi displayed optimal activity at pH 6.0 and 50 °C and showed the highest hydrolytic activity using colloidal chitosan as a substrate, with the presence of Mn2+. The COSs produced by enzymatic hydrolysis of BvChi exhibited a minimum degree of polymerization (DP) of 2, and their antimicrobial activities against certain pathogenic bacteria (Escherichia coli,Staphylococcus aureus,Salmonella typhi50071, andAeromonas hydrophila) were evaluated. Among them, the 20 min hydrolysate showed the strongest growth inhibition against all these pathogens, demonstrated by the inhibition zone diameters, and its MIC and MBC values towardA. hydrophilawere 0.625 and 1.25 mg/mL, respectively. Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) analysis showed that the hydrolyzed products after 20 min contains more COSs with DP > 5. These findings highlighted the potential of BvChi as a biocatalyst for producing antimicrobial COSs, applicable in food preservation and biomedical fields.
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Journal of Fungi
·
2026
·Vol. 12
·期 3
·
IF 4.3
Yihua Liao,Jiayi Shen,Tian Yang,Huijuan Peng,Tingwei Qi,Yan Li,Chengcheng Li
Fusariumhead blight (FHB), caused byFusarium graminearum, is a fungal disease that severely affects wheat. The mycotoxins it produces, such as deoxynivalenol (DON), pose serious risks to human and animal health. In this study, a biocontrol strain, LYH8, was isolated from local sources in Jingzhou, Hubei Province. Plate confrontation assays demonstrated that LYH8 effectively inhibited the mycelial growth ofF. graminearum, with an inhibition rate of 43%, and induced morphological abnormalities such as hyphal swelling and shrinkage. Based on16S rRNAandgyrBgene sequencing and phylogenetic analysis, LYH8 was identified asBacillus velezensis. In vivo experiments showed that disease severity in wheat coleoptiles and spikes was significantly reduced by treatment with LYH8 by 75–85%, and the accumulation of DON and its deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside (D3G) in grains was decreased by 20–22%. Further transcriptome analysis revealed that it affects pathogen growth by regulating amino acid biosynthesis, ribosomal biosynthesis, carbon metabolism pathways, and the catalytic activities of related genes. In summary, LYH8 significantly controlled FHB through multiple mechanisms, including inhibiting mycelial growth, reducing infection, and blocking toxin synthesis, demonstrating strong biocontrol potential.
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Food Bioscience
·
2022
·
IF 5.318
Jiarui Zeng,Feibi Sheng,Xi Hu,Zhenfeng Huang,Xiaofei Tian,Zhenqiang Wu
Brewer's spent grain (BSG) is the main byproduct of the beer industry and is commonly used as a low-value animal feed or food ingredient. This study investigated the role of symbiotic fermentation with Bacillus velezensi s and Levilactobacillus brevis in improving the nutritional value of BSG. The addition of B. velezensis increased the cell growth of L. brevis by over thirty-fold higher than that in the single-strain system. Simultaneously, cellulase and protease activities were substantially increased, and more soluble sugars were produced. Total amino acid, glutamic acid , and γ -aminobutyric acid (GABA) levels increased by 52.2%, 155.1%, and 144.1%, respectively. Conversely, lactic acid production decreased. Genetic analysis showed that the glycolysis-related gene pykA , pentose phosphate pathway gene gnd , and GABA-related gene gad were upregulated, while the heterolactin-related gene xpkA was downregulated, explaining that B. velezensis might inhibit heterolactin fermentation while enhancing GABA biosynthesis . This study provides a potential strategy for the high-value utilization of BSG in the food or feed industry.
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