FOOD CHEMISTRY
·
2024
·
IF 8.5
Xue Wang,Zhipeng Su,Xiang Li,Jiaxu Chen,Gaoyang Li,Yang Shan,Zhaoping Pan,Fuhua Fu
Dried citrus peel (DCP), also called “Chen Pi”, has edible and medicinal value. However, the specific differences among various sources remain unknown. Herein, we collected six DCP species, namely, one Citrus reticulata ‘Chachi’ (CZG) and five Citrus reticulata Blanco (CRB). Targeted high-performance liquid chromatography and untargeted ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry were employed to comprehensively compare the phenolic compounds and metabolites in DCP. Interestingly, 13 different phenolic compounds were noted in DCP. The total phenolic compound content in all CRB samples (58.86–127.65 mg/g) was higher than that of CZG (39.47 mg/g). Untargeted metabolomic revealed 1495 compounds, with 115 differentially expressed metabolites for CRBs and CZG, particularly flavonoids (38), terpenoids (15), and phenolic acids and derivatives (9). Lastly, antioxidant assays revealed that all CRB samples exhibited higher antioxidant activities compared with CZG. Therefore, our study results provide a theoretical basis for the high-value utilization of citrus peels and their metabolites.
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高影响因子
JOURNAL OF FOOD AND DRUG ANALYSIS
·
2022
·
IF 6.157
Ping-Ting Xiao,Yu-Jia Kuang,Shi-Yu Liu,Zhi-Shen Xie,Jin-Hua Hao,E-Hu Liu
Since the combinatorial components responsible for the antihyperlipidemic activity of Citrus reticulata ‘Chachi’ (CRC) peels remains unclear, we herein developed a bioactive equivalence oriented feedback screening method to discover the bioactive equivalent combinatorial components (BECCs) from CRC peels. Using palmitic acid (PA)-stimulated hepatocyte model, a combination of 5 polymethoxyflavones (PMFs) including tangeretin, sinensetin, nobiletin, 5,7,8,4′-tetramethoxyflavone and 3,5,6,7,8,3′,4′-heptamethoxyflavone was identified to be responsible for the antihyperlipidemic effect of CRC peels. Via evaluation of combination effect by combination index (CI), these 5 PMFs were found to take effect via a synergistic mode. Our data indicated that the antihyperlipidemic mechanism of PMF combination was associated with the inhibition of fatty acid and cholesterol synthesis, and inflammation. Also, the PMF combination exhibited robust antihyperlipidemic effects in HFD-fed rats in vivo . Our study offers evidence-based data to uncover the pharmacological effect of CRC peels.
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Food & Function
·
2025
·
IF 5.4
Jiapan Gan,Jiayan Xie,Xin Xu,Jiahao Ai,Sisi He,Jiafen Zou,Qiang Yu,Hongli Jin,yanfang liu,Xinmiao Liang
ZhangTouHong (ZTH), highly valuable edible-medicinal resource rich in bioactive flavonoids, lack of chemical composition and biological activities studies. In this work, a preparation process was developed to prepare flavonoid multi-components (FMC) from ZTH, which showed high efficiency and specificity, and increased total flavonoid content by 4.62-fold. Based on UPLC- Q-TOF- MS/MS and molecular networks, the FMC in ZTH were identified for the first time, with a total of 48 flavonoid compounds identified, including 3 potential new compounds. Moreover, the verification results of anti-aging activity demonstrated that FMC have excellent antioxidant activity and anti-aging capacity, extending nematodes lifespan by 21.65% and survival time of oxidative stress nematodes by 35.71%. In summary, this study established an efficient and scalable preparation process for preparing bioactive flavonoid components, and for the first time verified the anti-aging effect of ZTH FMC, providing the scientific basis for deep development and industrial application of this characteristic citrus resource.
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高影响因子
MOLECULES
·
2017
·Vol. 22
·期 7
·1114
·
IF 2.861
Yue Wang,Jing Qian,Jinping Cao,Dengliang Wang,Chunrong Liu,Rongxi Yang,Xian Li,Chongde Sun
Citrus (Citrus reticulateBlanco) is one of the most commonly consumed and widely distributed fruit in the world, which is possessing extensive bioactivities. Present study aimed to fully understand the flavonoids compositions, antioxidant capacities and in vitro anticancer abilities of different citrus resources. Citrus fruits of 35 varieties belonging to 5 types (pummelos, oranges, tangerines, mandarins and hybrids) were collected. Combining li quid chromatography combined with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS) and ultra-performance liquid chromatography combined with diode array detector (UPLC-DAD), a total of 39 flavonoid compounds were identified, including 4 flavones, 9 flavanones and 26 polymethoxylated flavonoids (PMFs). Each citrus fruit was examined and compared by 4 parts, flavedo, albedo, segment membrane and juice sacs. The juice sacs had the lowest total phenolics, following by the segment membrane. Four antioxidant traits including 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) and cupric reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC) were applied for the antioxidant capacities evaluation. Three gastric cancer cell lines, SGC-7901, BGC-823 and AGS were applied for the cytotoxicity evaluation. According to the results of correlation analysis, phenolics compounds might be the main contributor to the antioxidant activity of citrus extracts, while PMFs existing only in the flavedo might be closely related to the gastric cancer cell line cytotoxicity of citrus extracts. The results of present study might provide a theoretical guidance for the utilization of citrus resources.Keywords:Citrus reticulata;phenolics contents;flavonoids composition;antioxidant capacities;anticancer abilities
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JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE
·
2025
·Vol. 90
·期 9
·e70540
·
IF 3.4
Yimei Zhao,Xinrui Xiao,Jiadai Tang,Xueqiu Wang,Cheng Wu,Lu Qiao
By using non-targeted metabolomics technology and high-throughput sequencing methods, the differences in metabolites between the green and red Citrus reticulata “Chachi” peels (CRCP), and their associations with microbial communities were systematically analyzed. Combined with physicochemical indicators (browning degree, total flavonoid content, antioxidant capacity), the material basis of their quality and functional components was explored. The results showed that the total flavonoid content (21.89 mg/g) and the antioxidant indicators (ABTS, FRAP) in green CRCP were significantly higher than those in red CRCP ( P < 0.05), while there was no significant difference in browning degree. Metabolomics analysis showed that a total of 1,322 differential metabolites were identified in green and red CRCP. A total of 723 metabolites in green CRCP were significantly up regulated (∼54.70%) ( p < 0.05), including active components such as lariciresinol, ginsenoside Rb1, and salidroside, with potential anti-diabetic, anti-tumor and anti-depression properties, respectively. Correlation analysis of physicochemical indicators and metabolites indicated that antioxidant capacity was positively correlated with most metabolites (83.56%), and the accumulation of core metabolites such as dodecatetraene and genipin was synergistically regulated by FRAP, ABTS, and total flavonoids. The abundance of fungi such as Aspergillus spp. In green CRCP was relatively high, which was positively correlated with the total flavonoid and antioxidant indicators, driving the synthesis of flavonoids. Cladosporium in red CRCP was negatively correlated with metabolites, and bacteria were negatively correlated with antioxidant indicators. This study reveals the advantages of green CRCP in antioxidant activity, and provides a theoretical basis at the metabolite and microbial levels.
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Natural Product Communications
·
2022
·
IF 1.496
Minghui Tang,Yong Ai,Siyang Zhu,Ni Song,Xian Xu,Leyi Liang,Baoshan Rong,Xiaomin Zheng,Lanyue Zhang,Tinggang He
Citrus reticulata Blanco has been widely used to cure some diseases such as cold, cough and indigestion. This study is aimed at determining the antidepressant-like effect of C. reticulata essential oils (CREOs) in reserpine-induced depression mice, as well as its possible mechanisms. The compositions of CREOs are firstly analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), in which d-limonene is the main component. Moreover, the results from the forced swimming and tail suspension tests show that the inhalation of CREOs can significantly improve the depressive behavior of reserpine-induced depressed mice by reducing the weight of the mice and shortening the immobile time. After sniffing CREOs, the number of normal neurons in the hippocampus of reserpine-induced depressed mice is greatly increased. In addition, CREOs significantly increase the expression level of 5-hydroxytryptamine-1A receptors (5HT-1A), glucocorticoid receptors (GR) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the reserpine-treated mice brain tissue. Thus, these results have indicated that CREOs can be potential materials for drug and food development against depression.
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Chemical and Biological Technologies in Agriculture
·
2024
·Vol. 11
·期 1
·1-18
·
IF 5.2
Li Xiaojun,Chen Jiang,Yin Yuan,Xiao Shijun,Zhang Rui,Yang Yang,Li Le,Xu Hairong,Zhang Xue,Hu Pei
Background The Citrus reticulata Blanco peels have been widely adopted as functional food or nutraceuticals for thousands of years. In our study, two polysaccharides from the C. reticulata Blanco peels were obtained and named as CRP-WA and CRP-02A, respectively. After characterization by monosaccharide composition, methylation and NMR, chemical structures of CRP-WA and CRP-02A were elucidated. Results As a result, CRP-WA with Mw of 32.8 kDa was an arabinogalactan polysaccharide composed of (β1 → 3) (β1 → 3,6)-D-Gal p , (β1 → 4)-D-Man p and (β1 → 4)-D-Glc p units in the backbone. The CRP-02A with Mw of 70.5 kDa was an arabinogalacturonan type pectin formed by (α1 → 4) (α1 → 3,4)-D-Gal p A units in the backbone. Moreover, the surface morphologies and rheological properties of CRP-WA and CRP-02A were quite different from each other. Both of these two polysaccharides possessed good antioxidant activities and immunoregulatory effects on RAW 264.7 cells, in which CRP-02A behaved remarkable antioxidant feature, whereas CRP-WA showed relatively high immunoregulatory activity. Conclusion Our study will provide fundamental information for C. reticulata Blanco-based nutritional foods development. Graphical
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高影响因子
FOOD CONTROL
·
2023
·
IF 6
Suping Li,Jingyu Hu,Shiqi Ning,Wei Li,Ru Jiang,Jianguo Huang,Yong Li
Citrus fruit post-harvest decay has caused economic loss for fruit-dependent industries worldwide in recent decades. However, bio-preservatives offer a promising and sustainable solution. In this study, culture experiments were carried out to assess the ability of Bacillus velezensis HY19, which we previously identified, to inhibit common pathogenic fungi in postharvest citrus fruit. HY19 was capable of producing extracellular siderophores and hydrolases (protease, phosphatase, and cellulase). The cells and metabolites (fermentation broth and volatiles) of the bacterium exhibited strong suppression against Penicillium italicum , P. digitatum , and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides . LC-MS analysis of B. velezensis HY19 fermentation broth (BFB) revealed 13 antimicrobial substances (simvastatin, cinnamic acid, cyclopentanone, etc.), 3 antifungal pesticide intermediates (M-cresol, 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde, and L-menthyl acetoacetate), and P-salicylic acid. GC-MS detected 18 antimicrobial substances (2-nonanol, 2-nonanone, benzoic acid, etc.) in HY19's volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Transcriptome analysis of P. digitatum exposed to BFB stress revealed that numerous genes involved in diverse biological processes, such as DNA replication and cell wall biosynthesis, were differentially expressed. Moreover, BFB inhibited the expression of multiple genes responsible for the biosynthesis of N-glycan and proteins in P. digitatum . BFB enhanced antioxidant enzyme activities in citrus peels, reduced electrolyte leakage and reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation, and induced the disease resistance in citrus fruit, leading to the decrease in the infection of pathogenic fungi on citrus fruit. During storage at low-temperature (4–8 °C), BFB inhibited the disease incidence in citrus fruit for up to 90 days and achieved over 60% control efficacy. Additionally, BFB had no impact on fruit quality, making it a lower risk option. Considering the benefits of sustainability and environmentally friendly options, it could be concluded that BFB was an effective alternative for controlling citrus diseases and had the potential to be used as a fruit preservative.
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WORLD JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY & BIOTECHNOLOGY
·
2025
·Vol. 41
·期 5
·1-11
·
IF 4.2
Liu Dazhao,Reymick Okwong Oketch,Luo Yuwei,Chen Xin,Che JinXin,Tao Nengguo
Cuminaldehyde demonstrates strong antimicrobial properties against several disease-causing organisms. This study investigated its antifungal effectiveness against an imazalil-resistant strain of Penicillium italicum , the pathogen responsible for postharvest blue mold disease in citrus fruits. Cuminaldehyde significantly inhibited the mycelial growth of P. italicum , with both the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) estimated at 0.5 mL/L. In vivo assays revealed that treatment with 4 × MFC cuminaldehyde in Tween-80 significantly reduced blue mold incidence in Ponkan mandarins inoculated with P. italicum . After 6 days of incubation, the disease incidence in fruits treated with 4 × MFC cuminaldehyde was approximately 72%, compared to 80% in the Prochloraz-treated fruits and 100% in the control group. The antifungal activity was attributed to the activation of oxidative stress, as evidenced by the accumulation of reactive oxygen species, damage to plasma membrane permeability in hyphal cells, and leakage of intracellular components. Additionally, treatment with 4 × MFC cuminaldehyde preserved the quality of the inoculated Ponkan mandarins by day 6. Overall, these findings indicate that cuminaldehyde is a potent antifungal alternative to current chemical fungicides used for controlling postharvest blue mold disease in Ponkan mandarins.
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Horticulture Research
·
2025
·
IF 8.5
Liu Yuan,Wen Huan,Hu Zhehui,Liu Xiao,Chen Qiuhong,Wen Tinglin,Liang Yaning,Hu Yang,Zeng Jiwu,Chen Jiajing,Xu Juan
Citrus reticulata ‘Chachiensis’ contributes its fruit peel to the raw material of ‘Guangchenpi’, is renowned for its distinctive medicinal and aromatic properties and has been utilized for hundreds of years. However, the molecular and metabolic mechanism underlining the properties remains unknown. In this study, dimethyl anthranilate was uniquely detected in ‘Chachiensis’ fruit peel compared to other mandarin cultivars and was further validated as the characteristic metabolic biomarker based on OPLS-DA analysis. Two SAMTs genes, CreSAMT1 and CreSAMT2, were screened by combined volatile profiling and transcriptome sequencing. CreSAMT1 could catalyze the methylation of N-methyl-2-aminobenzoic acid to synthesize dimethyl anthranilate, and its constant expression contributes to the specific accumulation of dimethyl anthranilate in ‘Chachiensis’ which was activated by CreERF35 and CreZAT11. Whilst CreSAMT2 is highly expressed in citrus flowers and is responsible for catalyzing anthranilate to form methyl anthranilate, the main floral volatiles. Moreover, the involvement of transcription factors such as ERF were speculated in regulating its volatiles biosynthesis. The study provides a theoretical basis to elucidate the volatile metabolism, and to improve the aromatic citrus industry.
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LWT-FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
·
2018
·
IF 3.129
Yan Hu,Guangning Kou,Qiyang Chen,Yan Li,Zhiqin Zhou
Flavonoids rich in citrus peels have poor stability and bioavailability, which limits their commercial applications. In present study, citrus peel extracts were obtained from four citrus types and their stability and antioxidant activity were investigated in terms of pH conditions. Then, the extracts were encapsulated and protected by whey protein concentrate nanoparticles (WPC NPs). The results showed that the degradation rate of extracts decreased with higher pH values. At pH 2–3, the antioxidant activity of extracts was relatively lower than that at pH 4–7. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy results indicated that extracts were encapsulated by WPC NPs via hydrophobic interaction or H-bond. Encapsulation efficiency (EE) and loading efficiency (LE) of extracts in WPC NPs ranged from 14.4 ± 0.7% to 27.9 ± 0.9% and from 11.0 ± 0.6% to 18.6 ± 0.9%, respectively, depending on the citrus types. Transmission electron microscope showed that all nanoparticles had spherical morphology. WPC NPs controlled the release of encapsulated flavonoids and kept their antioxidant activity under in vitro simulated gastrointestinal conditions. After 4 h, DPPH• scavenging activity of extracts from Guangxi red orange in simulated intestinal fluids was 34.8 ± 1.5% and 66.4 ± 2.4%, respectively. The obtained knowledge will be helpful to develop food protein-based carriers for flavonoids.
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JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY
·
2020
·Vol. 71
·期 10
·3066-3079
·
IF 5.908
Liu Xiaojuan,Zhao Chenning,Gong Qin,Wang Yue,Cao Jinping,Li Xian,Grierson Donald,Sun Chongde
Polymethoxylated flavones (PMFs), which accumulate exclusively in fruit peel of citrus, play important physiological and pharmacological roles but the genetic basis for the methylation of flavonoids has not been fully elucidated in citrus. Here we characterize a caffeoyl-CoA O-methyltransferase-like enzyme, designated CrOMT1. The expression pattern of CrOMT1 was highly correlated with the concentration of the three major PMFs in two different citrus fruit tissues during fruit maturation. Exposure of fruit to UV-B radiation sharply increased the level of CrOMT1 transcripts and also led to the accumulation of three PMFs. The potential role of CrOMT1 was studied by testing the catalytic activity of recombinant CrOMT1 with numerous possible substrates in vitro. The enzyme could most efficiently methylate flavones with neighboring hydroxy moieties, with high catalytic efficiencies found with 6-OH- and 8-OH-containing compounds, preferences that correspond precisely with the essential methylation sites involved in the synthesis of the three naturally occurring PMFs in Citrus reticulata. This indicates that CrOMT1 is capable of in vitro methylation reactions required to synthesize PMFs in vivo. Furthermore, transient overexpression of CrOMT1 increased levels of the three major PMFs in fruit, indicating that CrOMT1 is likely to play an essential role in the biosynthesis of PMFs in citrus.
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危险品化学品经营许可证（带存储）