JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY
·
2024
·
IF 5.7
Yan Lv,Jing Liu,Yujun Zhang,Yiyu Zhou,Jianying Huang,Wenjie Wang,Xiancheng Ye
Penicillium expansum is the major fungus that causes blue mold and produces patulin, threatening human health. Due to health and environmental pollution concerns, chitosan (CS) has attracted more and more attention as a safer alternative to synthetic fungicides for the control of blue mold. In the present study, four different benzimidazole groups were introduced onto CS by the acylation reaction to obtain benzimidazole-based chitosan derivatives (R1b–R4b). After being well-characterized with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy (UV–vis spectra), and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), their antifungal activities against P. expansum were screened. Results showed that the inhibitory effects of chitosan derivatives against the pathogen were significantly correlated with chitosan derivatives’ concentration and their structures. R4b was shown as optimum with good solubility and antifungal activity with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value of 0.5 mg/mL and a minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) value of 2.0 mg/mL. The remarkable antifungal efficiency of R4b against P. expansum was further demonstrated in terms of spore germination, mycelial growth, patulin production, and the preliminary antifungal mechanism. R4b exhibited significant inhibition of patulin production, while its antifungal mechanism was revealed by destroying cell membrane integrity and inducing membrane depolarization. Furthermore, R4b treatment could significantly reduce the incidence of blue mold rot in apple fruit, and the MTT assay showed the nontoxicity of R4b against Raw 264.7, HBZY-1, and Caco-2 cells. Altogether, these results indicate that it is promising to be used as a fruit preservative in the future.
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PubMed
高影响因子
POSTHARVEST BIOLOGY AND TECHNOLOGY
·
2023
·
IF 7
Ruiyu Zhu,Weilun Wang,Zisheng Luo,Haiyan Lin,Yong Li,Weiqiang Lu,Zimu Xu,Chenggang Cai,Shuheng Hu
Blue light-emitting diode (LED) light has been considered to influence the growth, quality, and preservation of certain fruit and vegetable. However, the blue LED light impact on apple postharvest blue mold remains elusive. In this study, the influence of blue LED light on Penicillium expansum virulence and patulin secretion was investigated in vitro and in vivo, as well as on the apple quality. The growth of P. expansum was inhibited by blue LED light via changes in mycelium morphology changes, cell membrane integrity, and potential mitochondrial membrane destruction, thereby causing reactive oxygen species accumulation, oxidative stress , and mitochondrial dysfunction. Furthermore, the expression level of LaeA relevant to the pathogenicity of P. expansum , was down-regulated. Specifically, the patulin production of P. expansum was inhibited via expression down-regulation of the patulin biosynthesis-related genes PatA , PatE , and PatN rather than direct degradation by the blue LED light treatment. Additionally, no significant effects on the fruit quality were observed when the light intensity was lower than 120 μmol m -2 s -1 . In summary, blue LED light treatment has the potential for a low-cost, safe, and non-chemical approach to control apple postharvest decay.
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高影响因子
POSTHARVEST BIOLOGY AND TECHNOLOGY
·
2024
·
IF 6.4
Ruiling Zhuo,Xiaokang Zhang,Yong Chen,Mengyang Xing,Shiping Tian,Boqiang Li
Penicillium expansum , a causal agent of blue mold rot, leads to substantial postharvest losses in the fruit industry. Due to environmental pollution and the emergence of fungicide-resistant strains, the use of synthetic chemical fungicides faces severe challenges. Natural antifungal compounds derived from plants are considered promising alternatives. In this study, the antifungal activities of coumarin and five hydroxylated derivatives against P. expansum and involved mechanisms were investigated. Among the six coumarins, 3-hydroxycoumarin (3-HC) demonstrated strong inhibitory effects on mycelial growth, germ tube elongation, conidiation, patulin production, and the best control effect on blue mold in apple and jujube fruit. Moreover, 3-HC increased the sensitivity of P. expansum to the cell wall, oxidative, and osmotic stresses . In silico analyses, including target fishing, molecular docking, and molecular dynamics simulations, revealed that the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) family in P. expansum (Pempks), were the potential targets of 3-HC. Bio-layer interferometry and ATP competition assays found that 3-HC could directly bind to PempkB and PempkC , and inhibit the MAPK activity. Our results suggested that 3-HC may act as an ATP-competitive MAPK inhibitor to affect the MAPK signaling pathway and inhibit the development and pathogenicity of P. expansum .
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高影响因子
FOOD CHEMISTRY
·
2023
·
IF 8.8
Yiran Wang,Qiya Yang,Esa Abiso Godana,Yu Zhang,Hongyin Zhang
Penicillium expansum is a pathogen causing enormous postharvest losses of fruits, especially apples. In this study, we first investigated the morphological changes of P. expansum within apple wounds during infectious process by microscopic observation. We found that conidia swelled and secreted potential hydrophobin in 4 h, germinated in 8 h, and finally formed conidiophores in 36 h, a critical control time point to prevent the second contamination of spores. We then compared the transcript accumulation of P. expansum in apple tissues and liquid culture at 12 h. In total, 3168 and 1318 up-regulated and down-regulated genes were identified. Among them, genes regarding the biosynthesis of substances such as ergosterol, organic acid, cell wall degrading enzymes, and patulin were induced in expression. Pathways were activated, including autophagy, the mitogen-activated protein kinase, and pectin degradation. Our findings provide insights into the lifestyle and the mechanisms of P. expansum invading apple fruits.
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PubMed
高影响因子
LWT-FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
·
2022
·
IF 6.056
Xianghua Wang,Maorun Fu,Xiaoqian Qu,Jingjing Liu,Jianwen Bu,Shaoran Feng,Handong Zhao,Wenxiao Jiao,Fei Sun
(E)-2-Hexenal is one of the most prevalent and abundant volatile substances in fruits. Many researchers have attempted fumigation with (E)-2-hexenal to control fungal diseases with poor or no results; the key is the inability to maintain an effective concentration for a long time. Therefore, a new starch-based antifungal coating with (E)-2-hexenal microcapsules was prepared. The obtained results showed that the microcapsule embedding rate reached 78.95% by orthogonal optimization experiments and that the (E)-2-hexenal-based coating was effective at reducing the lesion diameter of apple fruit during storage at 25 °C after Penicillium expansum infection, and in other fruits; it also achieved a good antifungal effect. Moreover, the activities of the main defense-related enzymes and the expression of key genes involved in the salicylic acid (SA) signaling pathway, such as CHI, GLU, PAL , NPR1 , and PR1 , were enhanced by (E)-2-hexenal-based coating treatment. These findings suggest that the (E)-2-hexenal-based coating has the dual effect of direct antifungal and induction of apple system resistance. E2H-based coating is a promising approach to control postharvest Penicillium expansum in fruit.
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高影响因子
Food Innovation and Advances
·
2026
·Vol. 5
·期 3
·444-456
·
IF 5.4
Yalan Wu,Xin-ai Chen,Ting Yu,Fujie Yan
Postharvest fungal infestation poses a significant threat to fresh fruit, leading to substantial economic losses. This study investigated the efficacy and mechanism of yeast cell walls in inducing fruit resistance, with a focus on extracts from Kluyveromyces marxianus. Compared to the commonly referenced Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell wall, application of the K. marxianus cell wall provided superior protection in pear fruit against Penicillium expansum infection, markedly reducing disease incidence. This enhanced biocontrol activity is attributed to its distinct polysaccharide composition, characterized by 60.37% mannan, 38.34% glucan, and 1.29% chitin, and its unique structural properties. The treatment triggered a rapid wound oxidative burst, upregulated key antioxidant and defense-related enzymes, and promoted the accumulation of γ-aminobutyric acid in pear tissue. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that β-glucan and mannan components synergistically activated plant hormone signaling and plant–pathogen interaction pathways. Notably, mannan specifically modulated carbohydrate metabolism and MAPK-associated defense responses. These findings establish the K. marxianus cell wall as a potent and novel biocontrol agent, offering a sustainable strategy for managing postharvest decay through the targeted induction of fruit innate immunity.
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高影响因子
Food Bioscience
·
2025
·
IF 5.9
FeiFei Wang,Taizhi Shen,Changrong Cao,Shuo Shan,Juan Sun,Ruiyu Zhu
Penicillium expansum is a major pathogen critical for the blue mold decay and patulin production in various fruits and vegetables, particularly apples, creating an urgent need to identify safer and more effective compounds for its management. In this study, two pathogenic factors of P. expansum , PeBgl1 and PeSCP, were first time targeted for virtual screening with a database (a combination of TCM Database @ Taiwan and food ingredients database) containing 20,219 molecules, and octyl gallate (OG) was identified as a common candidate inhibitor with high binding energy. Therefore, we investigated the inhibitory impacts of OG against P. expansum and patulin production in vitro and in apples. It’s revealed that OG significantly inhibited the spore germination and mycelia growth by inducing oxidative stress and compromising cell membrane integrity, as well as restrained patulin biosynthesis via suppressing the expression level of patulin synthesis genes including patE, patL , and patK. Molecular docking and dynamics simulation indicated that OG could affect the stability and function of PeBgl1 and PeSCP mainly via Van der Waals forces and hydrogen bonds. qRT-PCR analysis further demonstrated that OG directly inhibited the expression of genes encoding for PeBgl1 and PeSCP. Finally, in vivo application of OG on apples demonstrated that OG can effectively trigger the defensive enzyme system of apples and control the blue mold decay caused by P. expansum . Overall, this study emphasizes the potential of OG as a promising natural compound for the management of blue mold decay and patulin production in the post-harvest fruits and vegetables.
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高影响因子
FOOD MICROBIOLOGY
·
2025
·
IF 4.6
Yiran Wang,Qiya Yang,Kaili Wang,Yue Zhang,Nashwa M.A. Sallam,Hongyin Zhang
Penicillium expansum is a globally significant postharvest pathogen causing substantial economic losses in fruit and vegetable production. Despite the importance of this pathogen to global food security, the regulatory roles of transcription factors - particularly APSES family members - remain poorly characterized in P. expansum . Here, we identified PeStuA, a homolog of the key APSES member StuA, in P. expansum . Targeted deletion of PeStuA resulted in three independent deletion mutants. These mutants exhibited decreased biomass and the lack of the ability to form conidiophores and conidia, accompanied by significantly reduced expression of genes encoding fungal development regulators (BrlA, AabA, WetA, and VosA), confirming the role of PeStuA in fungal growth and development. PeStuA also influences the metabolism of P. expansum in terms of carbon and nitrogen sources. Notably, although Δ PeStuA mutants completely lost patulin production capacity in vitro , only a few genes within the patulin cluster were significantly down-regulated in expression, implying potential new regulatory mechanisms governing patulin production in P. expansum . Furthermore, the Δ PeStuA mutants presented significantly decreased pathogenicity on apple fruits. RNA sequencing analysis demonstrated the global regulatory role of PeStuA in spore development, primary metabolism and secondary metabolism during P. expansum infecting apple hosts. Overall, this study reveals the role of PeStuA and offers new perspectives on the molecular basis of P. expansum , providing a theoretical foundation for developing strategies against fruit diseases and patulin pollution it poses.
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PubMed
高影响因子
FOOD CONTROL
·
2025
·
IF 6.3
Feifei Wang,Changrong Cao,Yiliang Cai,Xianglong Chen,Haiyan Lin,Chenggang Cai,Ruiyu Zhu
Penicillium expansum is a major pathogen causing blue mold rot in fruits and vegetables. Given the increasing concerns over the use of chemical fungicides in postharvest treatments, this research explores the effects of pulsed light (PL) on the growth and patulin production of P. expansum . Our results exhibited that PL significantly suppressed spore germination and mycelial growth while impairing the cell membrane integrity. Mechanistic studies revealed that PL treatment caused disruption of antioxidant defense systems and the excessive accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), leading to the oxidative damage and mitochondrial dysfunction. Moreover, PL treatment significantly downregulated the expression of key genes associated with P. expansum growth and patulin biosynthesis. Specifically, the expression levels of global regulators CreA and LaeA were decreased by 39 % and 62 %, and 47 % and 82 % after PL30 and PL90 treatments, respectively. Additionally, genes within the patulin biosynthesis gene cluster, including patA , patK , patN , and patL , were significantly downregulated. In apples with PL90-treated P. expansum , the rot onset was delayed by 4 d. On day 7, PL90 reduced lesion diameter by 87.9 %, decay incidence by 67 %, and patulin content by 95 %. The findings indicate that PL is an effective technology for controlling postharvest diseases in fruits, making it a promising alternative to chemical treatments.
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高影响因子
JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR CATALYSIS B-ENZYMATIC
·
2013
·
IF 2.823
Jun Liu,Hongtao Guo,Qiongbo Zhou,Jianying Wang,Bokai Lin,Haibo Zhang,Zhanyang Gao,Chunlan Xia,Xiaohai Zhou
Herein, we demonstrated a environmental-friendly biocatalytic route for the synthesis of dimethyl carbonate (DMC), which is the first example to use enzyme in the process. Moreover, immobilization of Penicillium expansum lipase (PEL) using environmentally benign and biodegradable CMC–PVA polymer has significantly enhanced the catalytic activity thus making them an eligible biocatalyst for synthesis of DMC. The biocatalyst revealed high catalytic performance even under ambient pressure and low temperature (conversion of EC to 94%, yield of DMC to 93% and selectivity of DMC to 99%). The immobilized lipase was effectively recycled for four consecutive cycles providing good yields of the desired product. Accompanying with the intense requirement for the green chemicals and process, our work can provide a useful idea for “green and clean” of harmful chemical reaction.
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高影响因子
BIOLOGICAL CONTROL
·
2023
·
IF 4.2
Yu Ding,Fengjuan Liu,Jin Yang,Yingying Fan,Lvjian Yu,Zenghao Li,Na Jiang,Jing An,Ziwei Jiao,Cheng Wang
Penicillium expansum is the main causal organism of apple rot and causes huge economic losses during apple storage. Patulin (PAT) produced by P. expansum , occurs widely in apples and their products because of its water-solubility and thermal stability . In the present study, we isolated bacterial strains with antagonistic activity against P. expansum to effectively control the growth of P. expansum and production of PAT. We isolated a bacterium named YL-RY0310, which inhibited the growth of P. expansum and production of PAT in apples by 77.4% and 48.4%, respectively. Strain YL-RY0310 was 96% homologous to Bacillus mojavensis using morphological and 16S rRNA gene sequencing analyses. In addition, DNA amplification analysis using Bacillus -specific primers showed that the genes responsible for synthesis of lipopeptides of surfactin, iturins and fengycin are expressed. Oxford cup agar diffusion test showed that its crude lipopeptides could effectively inhibit the growth of P. expansum . Furthermore, strain YL-RY0310 could significantly degrade PAT; the degradation efficiencies of the intracellular and extracellular metabolites of the strain were 62.6% and 56.9%, respectively. Therefore, B. mojavensis YL-RY0310 could be used as a biocontrol agent to inhibit the growth of P. expansum and control PAT contamination in apples. This study provides a theoretical basis for a novel biological control strategy and degradation of mycotoxin.
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高影响因子
MOLECULES
·
2018
·Vol. 23
·期 6
·1442
·
IF 3.098
Wenxiao Jiao,Xiangxin Li,Handong Zhao,Jiankang Cao,Weibo Jiang
Thaumatin-like protein from banana (designated BanTLP) has been purified by employing a simple protocol consisting of diethylaminoethyl Sephadex (DEAE–Sephadex) chromatography, gel filtration on Sephadex G50, and reversed-phase chromatography. The purified protein was identified by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry, with an estimated molecular weight of 22.1 kDa. BanTLP effectively inhibited in vitro spore germination ofPenicillium expansum, one of the main postharvest pathogens in fruits. This study further investigated the antifungal properties and underlying mechanisms of BanTLP againstP. expansum. Results demonstrated that BanTLP exhibited antifungal activity in a wide pH range (4.0–10.0) at 20–50 °C. Propidium iodide (PI) influx and potassium release confirmed that BanTLP induced membrane disruption of the test pathogen, increasing the membrane permeability and disintegration of the cell. This led to cell death, as evidenced by the assays of thiobarbituric acid-reactive species (TBARS) content, the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene (DPH) fluorescence integrity. Ultrastructural alterations inP. expansumconidia after BanTLP treatment revealed severe damage to the cell wall. These results suggest that BanTLP purified from banana exerts antifungal activity againstP. expansumby inducing plasma membrane disturbance and cell wall disorganization.Keywords:banana;thaumatin-like protein;antifungal activity;Penicillium expansum;mechanisms of action
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高影响因子
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