NIR-FP is a near-infrared fluorescent probe with high sensitivity and selectivity for superoxide anion O 2-. O 2- is the main precursor of ROS, and ferroptosis-mediated epilepsy models can be dynamically tracked by detecting O 2-. Ferroptosis-mediated epilepsy models include: kainic acid -induced chronic epilepsy model, Pentylenetetrazole-induced acute epilepsy model, and pilocarpine -induced epilepsy model.