Lithium primary batteries with lithium metal anode are extensively applied in the portable appliances and electronic fields for the high specific energy and power, low self-discharge and wide operating temperature. However, the application of lithium metal anode causes the safety and stability issues. Herein, the pentafluoropyridine (C 5 F 5 N) was applied as an electrolyte additive in lithium primary battery, to construct a suitable surface layer on lithium anode to increase the stabilization and electrochemical performance . With C 5 F 5 N additive, the discharge capacity of the Li primary battery increases to 422.1 mAh/g at 0.01 C, compared to 62.2 mAh/g of the pristine battery. Meanwhile, the storage performance of the batteries was also greatly enhanced with the C 5 F 5 N additive. After stored for 60 days at room temperature, the Li primary battery with additive displays a specific discharge capacity of 180.7 mAh/g, much higher than the pristine battery without additive (43.6 mAh/g). The significant improvements in capacitive and storage performances are attributed to the additive induced inhibition of decomposition of solvents and lithium salts and tuning of SEI composition on lithium anode surface. The C 5 F 5 N is a promising electrolyte additive for the further development and application of high-performance Li primary batteries.
The electrode/electrolyte interfaces play an important role in the electrochemical reaction kinetics to alleviate the severe polarization and voltage hysteresis in lithium primary batteries. Herein, C 5 F 5 N is proposed as an electrolyte additive to tune the characteristics of the electrode/electrolyte interfaces. The Li/CF x primary battery with C 5 F 5 N additive exhibits an excellent discharge-specific capacity of 981.4 mAh g −1 (0.1 C), a remarkable high-rate capability of 598 mAh g −1 (15 C), and an outstanding energy/power density of 1068.7 Wh kg −1 /24362.5 W kg −1 . It also shows remarkable storage performance with 717.2 mAh g −1 at 0.1 C after storage at 55 °C for 2 months. The excellent performance of the Li/CF x batteries is closely related to the improved and stable Li 3 N/LiF-rich homogeneous interfaces induced by the C 5 F 5 N additive, which results in uniform distribution of Li + flux, facilitated electrochemical kinetics, and increased rate capability of Li/CF x battery. Therefore, C 5 F 5 N is expected to be a promising electrolyte additive, and the related electrode/electrolyte interface engineering provides an effective and facile strategy to increase the performance of the lithium primary battery.
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