Gout is a kind of severe joint disease caused by monosodium urate monohydrate (MSUM) deposition in the synovial fluid. Numerous studies have focused on the influences of the components in synovial fluid on the nucleation of MSUM in solution. Yet little is known about the pathological pathway of MSUM crystallization in vivo. Herein, the pathological crystallization pathway of MSUM was investigated in a simulated biological environment (0.15 M Na+ and pH 7.40 buffer). Optical and electron microscope images in combination with powder X-ray diffraction demonstrated that the formation of MSUM involves three stages of molecular aggregation to form fibril-like amorphous subunits, the agglomeration of these nanosized subunits, and the phase transition from amorphous to filamentous crystals. Further, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and Raman spectra show that the filamentous crystals bear a structure extremely similar to that of amorphous agglomerates. However, the amorphous form contains more water content in comparison to that of MSUM crystals, as unveiled by thermal analyses. The time-resolved dynamic light scattering and small-angle X-ray scattering data reveal the formation of fibril-like nanoprecursors in the early stage of nucleation and the structure evolution over time. Thus, a nonclassical crystallization mechanism for MSUM in a simulated joint environment was proposed.
The knee joint exhibits the highest incidence of pathologies among all joints. It is of great significance for early diagnosis of septic arthritis and osteoarthritis. In this work, boronic group functionalized graphyne nanozymes (graphyne@PBA) have been firstly synthesized and further explored as probes for the detection of bacteria in septic arthritis and the measurement of chondrocyte cells in osteoarthritis. With high affinity for glyconjugates, graphyne@PBA probes (2 N-GY@PBA and 3 N-GY@PBA) exhibit the enhanced peroxidase-like activity. Moreover, the introduction of machine learning into graphyne@PBA based-colorimetric sensing array can efficiently enhance the accuracy of quantitative detection, realizing the determination of Staphylococcus aureus with a linear detection range from 10 3 to 10 8 CFU/mL and a R 2 value as high as 0.9973, Pseudomonas aeruginosa from 10 2 to 10 7 CFU/mL and R 2 value of 0.9903, chondrocytes from 10 2 to 10 6 cells/mL and R 2 value of 0.9992. This sensing platform has opened a new avenue for the detection of bacteria in septic arthritis and chondrocyte cells in osteoarthritis, giving a significant prospect in the field of disease diagnosis.
With the rapid development of wearable electronic skin technology, flexible strain sensors have shown great application prospects in the fields of human motion and physiological signal detection, medical diagnostics, and human-computer interaction owing to their outstanding sensing performance. This paper reports a strain sensor with synergistic conductive network, consisting of stable carbon nanotube dispersion (CNT) layer and brittle MXene layer by dip-coating and electrostatic self-assembly method, and breathable three-dimensional (3D) flexible substrate of thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) fibrous membrane prepared through electrospinning technology. The MXene/CNT@PDA-TPU (MC@p-TPU) flexible strain sensor had excellent air permeability, wide operating range (0–450%), high sensitivity (Gauge Factor, GF max = 8089.7), ultra-low detection limit (0.05%), rapid response and recovery times (40 ms/60 ms), and excellent cycle stability and durability (10000 cycles). Given its superior strain sensing capabilities, this sensor can be applied in physiological signals detection, human motion pattern recognition, and driving exoskeleton robots. In addition, MC@p-TPU fibrous membrane also exhibited excellent photothermal conversion performance and can be used as a wearable photo-heater, which has far-reaching application potential in the photothermal therapy of human joint diseases.
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