Nervonic acid (NA) is a long-chain monounsaturated fatty acid with significant potential for neural fiber repair. In this study, a mixed fatty acid methyl ester was synthesized as the raw material through saponification of Acer truncatum Bunge seed oil. Based on the differences in boiling points and relative volatilities of various components, a four-stage vacuum batch distillation process was employed to enrich the nervonic acid methyl ester (NAME). The effect of distillation process parameters on enrichment efficiency was investigated, including distillation temperature, operating pressure, and reflux ratio. The purity of NAME achieved as 91.20% under optimal conditions and the corresponding yield was 48.91%. To further increase the purity, a low-temperature crystallization process was adopted and a final purity of NAME was obtained as 97.56%. Simulation of the above four-stage batch distillation was conducted using Aspen Plus software, and a continuous distillation processes was further simulated to establish a theoretical basis for future industrial-scale production. The results of experiments and simulation demonstrate that the integrated process of vacuum distillation and low-temperature crystallization exhibits remarkable separation performances, providing robust guidance for the production of high-purity NA.
Idesia polycarpa ( I. polycarpa ) oil by-products are rich in phospholipids (PLs), yet research on their composition and functionality remains limited. This study compared six degumming methods-hydration degumming (HD), acid degumming (AD), phospholipase A 1 degumming (PLA 1 D), simple phospholipase C degumming (SPLCD), deep phospholipase C degumming (DPLCD), and compound degumming (CD) –to evaluate their effects on PL characteristics. The results showed that enzymatic degumming methods, particularly CD, achieved the highest degumming rate of 94.7 %, significantly outperforming non-enzymatic methods. Lipidomic profiling revealed that all treatments resulted in phospholipids enriched with polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), especially linoleic acid (C18:2). Enzymatic treatments produced PLs enriched in lysophosphatides, while non-enzymatic methods retained mostly intact phospholipids. These findings suggest that I. polycarpa oil by-products, particularly those treated by enzymatic degumming, can be a valuable and sustainable source of PUFA-rich phospholipids, with potential applications in the food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries.
Polyols are one of the dominant reactants in polyurethane (PU) synthesis. However, polyols from Sapium sebiferum oil prepared by epoxidation–hydroxylation have an inferiority of secondary alcohol groups and large non-functional branches. Their lower reactivity, which in turn limits the properties of the generated PU. In this study, the optimal reaction conditions for the synthesis of polyols with primary alcohol groups by lipase hydrolysis have been investigated by single factorial experiments and response surface methodology. The optimized conditions for lipase hydrolysis were identified as a molar ratio of 2.2 : 1, a reaction time of 11.2 h, and a temperature of 47.2 °C. The highest hydroxyl value of the obtained polyol with primary alcohol groups reached 211 mg KOH per g. Furthermore, a novel PU was successfully synthesized from the synthetic polyol and isophorone diisocyanate by an in situ polymerization method. The generated PU showed a glass transition temperature of 60.6 °C, an initial decomposition temperature of 307.2 °C, a tensile strength of 12.5 MPa, and a Young's modulus of 22.3 MPa. These good thermal and mechanical properties of the PU prepared from the modified polyol by lipase hydrolysis can be attributed to its greater number of chemical interactions and cross-linked networks.
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