FIRE AND MATERIALS
·
2024
·Vol. 48
·期 6
·657-667
·
IF 2
Bin Zhang,Shaohua Zeng
The properties and structure of flexible PVC by incorporating zinc borate (ZB)-modified diantimony trioxide (Sb 2 O 3 ) were investigated. The results of flame retardancy and smoke suppression testing indicate that there was an obvious maximum Limited oxygen index (LOI) value of PVC/20 wt.% ZB–Sb 2 O 3 composites reached 37.5% and passed the UL 94 V-0 rating. An obvious synergistic effect between ZB and Sb 2 O 3 was observed by LOI, SDR, and TG. Moreover, remarkable decreases in the smoke density were observed when ZB–Sb 2 O 3 was incorporated into PVC. In addition, the tensile strength and elongation at break of PVC/ZB–Sb 2 O 3 composites was higher than PVC/Sb 2 O 3 composites, and this ameliorative effect was mainly arising from the ZB–Sb 2 O 3 nanoparticles, which reduced the degree of fatal defects on PVC. The addition of ZB and Sb 2 O 3 greatly increased the amount of residual char and apparently improved the mechanical properties of PVC composites. According to scanning electron microscopy photographs of residual char, after thermal decomposition, there were many fragments linked to the condensed phase and the compact char layer. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy shows the residues char was composed of benzene ring, the flame retardants occurred and the condensed phase with significant interactions.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
化学工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
ACS Omega
·
2020
·
IF 2.87
Maoyong Zhi,Quanyi Liu,Yinlong Zhao,Shansong Gao,Zheng Zhang,Yuanhua He
A novel MoS2–DOPO hybrid has been successfully synthesized through the grafting of 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO) on the surface of MoS2 nanosheets using allyl mercaptan as an intermediate. MoS2–DOPO was used as a flame retardant additive to prepare flame-retardant flexible polyurethane foam (FPUF). The influence of MoS2–DOPO on the mechanical, thermal stability, and flame retardancy properties of FPUF composites were systematically investigated. The incorporation of MoS2–DOPO could not deteriorate greatly the tensile strength and 50% compression set of FPUF composites, but effectively improves the char residue. The cone calorimeter and smoke density tests results revealed that the peak heat release rate, total heat release, and the maximum smoke density of the MoS2–DOPO/FPUF composite were reduced by 41.3, 27.7, and 40.5%, respectively, compared with those of pure FPUF. Furthermore, the char residue after cone calorimeter tests and pyrolysis gaseous products of the MoS2–DOPO/FPUF composite were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and thermogravimetric analysis/infrared spectrometry. The results suggested that the MoS2–DOPO hybrid played a synergistic flame retardant effect of gas and condensed bi-phase action. In addition, a possible flame retardancy and smoke suppression mechanism of the MoS2–DOPO/FPUF composite were proposed. This study provides a facile and promising strategy for the fabrication of polymer materials with excellent flame retardancy and smoke suppression properties.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
高分子化学
·
燃烧学
✓ 已验证
DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
COMPOSITES PART A-APPLIED SCIENCE AND MANUFACTURING
·
2019
·
IF 6.282
Lin Li,Xiaolin Liu,Xiaoming Shao,Licong Jiang,Kai Huang,Shuai Zhao
Tannic acid (TA), natural phenolic compounds abundant in many plants, exhibit low flammability and good absorbility because of multidentate properties. Based on it, a novel intumescent flame retardant (IFR) system (AGT) that consists of ammonium polyphosphate (APP)/TA functionalized graphene (TGE) presents synergistic flame retardant and smoke suppression for natural rubber (NR) due to the dual flame retardant functions of each component. The novel AGT system is of interest to a variety of fields because of its distinct flame retardant and relatively good mechanical properties in comparison to traditional IFR system. Cone calorimeter results reveal that the AGT system could clearly change the decomposition behavior of NR and form a highly graphitized and phosphorous-containing carbonaceous structure char layer on the surface of the composites, consequently resulting in synergistic effects on the flame retardancy and smoke suppression properties. Moreover, TGE endows NR composite excellent mechanical properties within an effective additive mass of AGT system.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
化学工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
COMBUSTION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
·
2023
·
IF 1.9
Chunhui Lyu,Junqing Meng,Yanan Hou,Lijuan Wang,Jie Wang,Yingpei Lyu
Flame‐retardant silicone rubber foams (SRF) were prepared by dehydrogenation at room temperature with chitosan (CS) and cyclodextrin (CD) as flame retardants. The flame retardancy, smoke suppression, mechanical properties, and thermal stability of SRF with CS and CD were tested using the UL-94 test, limiting oxygen index (LOI), cone calorimeter test (CCT), compression test, field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), and thermogravimetry analysis (TGA). The results indicated that the fire behavior was good when the content of CS and CD was 1 wt%, and the CD had a flame-retardant efficiency better than CS. The combination of 0.6 wt% CS and 0.4 wt% CD had the best synergistic flame-retardant efficiency, smoke suppression, and excellent thermal stability. The 0.6%CS/0.4%CD/SRF achieved an LOI value of 30% and a UL-94 V-0 rating and did not drip. Compared with pure SRF, the peak heat release rate (pHRR), the total heat release (THR), the peak smoke production rate (pSPR), and the total smoke production (TSP) decreased by 60.00%, 55.52%, 53.82%, and 55.00%, and the char residue increased by 17.40%. However, the addition of CS and CD slightly worsened the mechanical properties of SRF, and the compressive strength of 0.6%CS/0.4%CD/SRF was reduced by 3.62%.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
化学工程
✓ 已验证
DOI
高影响因子
JOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE
·
2019
·Vol. 137
·期 1
·48048
·
IF 2.188
Guisong Wang,Wenzong Xu,Rui Chen,Wu Li,Yucheng Liu,Kai Yang
Zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (ZIF-8) was synthesized at room temperature, and then added with expandable graphite (EG) to polyurethane elastomer (PUE) to study their flame retardancy and smoke suppression of PUE. The results showed that when the total flame retardant was 3 wt % and the ratio of ZIF-8 and EG was 1:3, it had the best effect on the flame retardancy and smoke suppression of PUE. Compared with pure PUE, the peak heat release rate, the total heat release, and the maximum smoke density values of Z1E3 decreased by 83.4, 42.6, and 22.4%, respectively. Moreover, the limited oxygen index value of Z1E3 increased to 30.2% and its UL-94 vertical burning test reached V-1 rating. This was because ZIF-8 synergized with EG to make the intumescent char layer compact, resulting in improved flame retardancy and smoke suppression of PUE. The specific mechanism of flame retardancy and smoke suppression is also discussed in this article. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2020 , 137 , 48048.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
高分子化学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS
·
2019
·
IF 7.65
Meng-En Li,Shui-Xiu Wang,Lin-Xuan Han,Wen-Jie Yuan,Jin-Bo Cheng,Ai-Ning Zhang,Hai-Bo Zhao,Yu-Zhong Wang
Polyurethane foam (PUF) is widely used in building insulation field but highly flammable. In an effort to develop an efficient way to reduce flammability and smoke release of PUF without sacrificing its inherent merits, a novel strategy has been proposed to decorate silica aerogels onto the surface of PUF to fabricate hierarchically porous SiO 2 /PUF composites. Due to the unique hierarchically porous structure, the resultant composites showed superior thermal insulation with a lower thermal conductivity of 0.0282 W/(m K). The introduction of silica aerogels also effectively improved the compressive strength, almost 220% of that of neat PUF. Notably, the SiO 2 /PUF composites were rendered self-extinguishing in vertical burning tests and had a high limiting oxygen index (LOI) value of 32.5%. Cone calorimetry (CC) tests revealed that the peak heat release rate (PHRR) and peak smoke production release (PSPR) of the SiO 2 /PUF composites were reduced by 40.4% and 45.6%, respectively. Particularly, the specific optical density (Ds) of the composites displayed as 55.7% reduction in the smoke density chamber tests, showing excellent smoke-suppression. The mechanism analysis suggested that a compact silica-rich hybrid barrier formed, preventing thermal degradation products and energy transfer during combustion. These results indicate SiO 2 /PUF composites have enormous potential as building insulation materials.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
化学工程
✓ 已验证
DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL AND APPLIED PYROLYSIS
·
2011
·
IF 2.234
Zhenhu Cao,Yan Zhang,Pingan Song,Yuanzheng Cai,Qi Guo,Zhengping Fang,Mao Peng
A novel metal chelate complex containing phosphorus, nitrogen and zinc (II) ion was synthesized and used as the flame retardant of low density polyethylene (LDPE). The zinc chelate complex was synthesized by reacting zinc acetate with the ligand of tetraethyl (1,2-phenylenebis(azanediyl)) bis (2-hydroxylphenylmethylene) diphosphonate (TEPAPM). The chemical structure of the target Zn-TEPAPM was confirmed by FTIR, 1 H NMR, 13 C NMR and 31 P NMR spectra. The flame retardancy and thermal behavior of LDPE containing various amount of Zn-TEPAPM were investigated by limiting oxygen index test, thermogravimetric (TG) analysis and cone calorimetry . The results show that Zn-TEPAPM can greatly increase the thermal stability, the char formation and smoke suppression ability of LDPE. The TG curves show that even when the filler content of Zn-TEPAPM is as low as 1 wt% in LDPE, the onset degradation temperature of LDPE is increased from 429 °C to 442 °C, and the maximum degradation temperature is increased from 469 °C to 488 °C. Also, a reduction of 32% for the peak heat release rate (PHRR) is obtained in the cone test. Moreover, Zn-TEPAPM is demonstrated to be a very effective synergist of ammonium polyphosphate (APP). When 1 wt% of Zn-TEPAPM was introduced into the LDPE/APP (mass ratio 80/19) blend, the PHRR value is reduced by 32%, compared with that of LDPE/APP blend without Zn-TEPAPM, and the char layer becomes more compact and intact.
研究领域:
高分子化学
·
材料科学
·
阻燃技术
·
化学工程
✓ 已验证
DOI
高影响因子
Materials Today Chemistry
·
2024
·
IF 6.7
Lihong Liu,Yan Zhang,Tengteng Wang,Changchang Ma,Zhengping Fang,Deyi Wang
Chloroprene rubber (CR) is one of the widely used materials due to its excellent performance. However, it will evolve large amounts of smoke and toxic gas during its combustion, which may cause smoke inhalation even human deaths in the populated enclosed spaces like rail transit, etc. Aiming to improving the fire safety of CR, the effects of zinc borate (ZnB) and antimony trioxide (Sb 2 O 3 ) alone and their combination on the flame retardancy, smoke suppression, and toxicity inhibition of CR are investigated. The performances of CR/ZnB, CR/Sb 2 O 3 and CR/ZnB/Sb 2 O 3 were analyzed by limiting oxygen index (LOI), UL94 rating and cone data. The results showed that the combination of ZnB and Sb 2 O 3 can integrate their advantages to exhibit the higher LOI and flame retardancy index (FRI) values as well as toxicity inhibition ability, indicating their good fire retardancy feature. The corresponding mechanism including the flame retardant mechanism and Lewis acid function was discussed in detail.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
消防安全
✓ 已验证
DOI
高影响因子
COMPOSITES PART B-ENGINEERING
·
2019
·
IF 6.864
Guobo Huang,Siqi Huo,Xiaodong Xu,Wei Chen,Yanxian Jin,Rongrong Li,Pingan Song,Hao Wang
Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS), as one of the most widely used engineering plastics, suffers from the problem of serious flammability and low mechanical strength . To address such an intractable challenge, herein, we report the design of a graphene-based multifunctional additive (Sb-Mo/Br-rGO) via the bromination followed by precipitating antimony molybdenum. The surface functionalization enables Sb-Mo/Br-rGO to homogeneously disperse within the ABS matrix through facile melt-blending. The incorporation of 5 wt% Sb-Mo/Br-rGO leads to a 31% increase in tensile strength and 73% increase in elastic modulus relative to the ABS bulk. In addition to significant enhancement in thermal stability, the inclusion of 5 wt% Sb-Mo/Br-rGO significantly delays the time to ignition of ABS by 12 s, and noticeably reduces the peak heat release rate (PHRR) and total smoke production (TSP) by 45% and 54%, respectively. Such improved performance portfolio is primarily because the mechanical reinforcing and thermal barrier effect of graphene nanosheets , the flame retardant effect of bromine/antimony, and the smoke suppression action of antimony molybdenum. This work provides an innovative methodology for the design of multifunctional additives to create high-performance polymeric materials with high strength and low flammability , thus contributing to improving the quality of life.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
高分子化学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering
·
2021
·
IF 8.198
Shibo Wang,Siheng Wang,Minggui Shen,Xu Xu,He Liu,Dan Wang,Hongxiao Wang,Shibin Shang
Rigid polyurethane foam (RPUF) is one of the most widely used construction materials, but it is flammable and releases toxic smoke during combustion. In this study, a novel, synergistic-effect flame retardant (FPASO-DOPO) was synthesized by the Atherton–Todd reaction of 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO) with fumaropimaric acid-based siloxane (FPASO). The obtained FPASO-DOPO was then introduced into the cross-linking network of an RPUF by chemical bonding. The flame retardancy was enhanced by the synergistic effect of phosphorus and silicon in the FPASO-DOPO, which captured the free radical in the gaseous phase and formed a compact silica-rich char layer in the condensed phase. More importantly, the incorporation of FPASO-DOPO not only increased the limiting oxygen index from 17.0% to 26.1% but also reduced the total smoke release by 17.5%. A cone-calorimeter test indicated that the peak heat-release rate of the modified foam was reduced by 33.7% compared with that of neat RPUF. Calculations determined that the flame retardancy index (FRI) value was 7.88 for a modified foam, which shows a “good” flame retardancy. Moreover, the modified foams exhibited improvements in both compressive and flexural strength owing to the introduction of the rosin. This study has important implications for the development of modified polymers with good flame and smoke suppression from renewable resources.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
化学工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
JOURNAL OF THERMAL ANALYSIS AND CALORIMETRY
·
2022
·Vol. 147
·期 17
·9431-9450
·
IF 4.755
Liu Fu-Ya,Zhou Xue-Ling,Zhao He,Hu Wei-Dong,Xu Jian-Zhong,Jiao Yun-Hong,Qu Hong-Qiang
The synergistic effect and mechanism of the spherical CoSn(OH) 6 (T-CHS) and ammonium polyphosphate (APP) on epoxy resin (EP) were investigated by limiting oxygen index (LOI), vertical combustion test (UL-94), cone calorimeter, tensile machine, thermogravimetric analysis-coupled with a Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (TGA/FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and Raman spectrometer. The results indicate that when the mass ratio of APP and T-CHS is 5.9:0.1 and 5.5:0.5, respectively, there is a synergistic effect between APP and T-CHS, and the flame retardant EP samples could pass the V-0 level of UL-94 test and their tensile properties have little difference to that of the blank EP. Compared with the blank EP, the total heat release and total smoke production of EP/5.9APP/0.1 T-CHS are decreased by 25% and 26%, respectively. TGA/FTIR results of the EP samples under N 2 atmosphere indicate the NH 3 production of EP/5.9APP/0.1 T-CHS is decreased by 47% and the CO 2 and H 2 O production is increased by 991% and 210%, respectively, when compared with that of the blank EP. APP and T-CHS show a good synergistic effect on promoting the retention of C, Co, Sn, and N elements in the char residues. The char residues of EP/5.9APP/0.1 T-CHS and EP/5.5APP/0.5 T-CHS samples contain Co 3 O 4 , CoO, SnO, SnO 2 , oxides of phosphorus, and Sn element, which form a more compact physical barrier.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
化学工程
✓ 已验证
DOI
高影响因子
Polymers
·
2020
·Vol. 12
·期 1
·212
·
IF 3.426
Weiwei Zhang,Weihong Wu,Weihua Meng,Weiya Xie,Yumeng Cui,Jianzhong Xu,Hongqiang Qu
Novel core-shell graphitic carbon nitride/zinc phytate (g-C3N4/PAZn) flame retardant was simple synthetized using two-dimensional g-C3N4and bio-based PAZn by self-assembly and incorporated into epoxy resin (EP) for improving the fire safety. The flame retardance and smoke suppression were investigated by cone calorimetry. The results indicated that g-C3N4/PAZn-EP displayed outstanding flame retardancy and smoke suppression, for example, the peak heat release rate and peak smoke production rate decreased by 71.38% and 25%, respectively. Furthermore, the flame retardancy mechanism was further explored by char residue and thermal stability analysis. It can be predicted that g-C3N4/PAZn will provide valuable reference about bio-based flame retardant.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
火灾安全工程
✓ 已验证
DOI
高影响因子
危险品化学品经营许可证（带存储）