Coatings
·
2024
·Vol. 14
·期 10
·1240
·
IF 2.9
Xing Zhao,Xia Li,Siyu Zhang,Qing Niu,Zongmin Li,Cheng Xue
In the conservation of cultural relics, the application of Paraloid B72 in humid environments frequently results in the surface whitening of artifacts, which impairs their appearance and conceals important details. This study investigates the mechanisms underlying this phenomenon by examining the effect of ambient humidity, Paraloid B72 mass concentration, solution addition volume, and solvent type. To evaluate the microstructure, transmittance, and composition of the films, a range of analytical techniques were employed, including optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, a UV-Visible Spectrophotometer, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The findings indicate that higher ambient humidity, lower Paraloid B72 mass concentration, smaller solution addition volume, and solvents with higher volatility and water miscibility increase water content during curing, intensifying the whitening effect. These factors modify the interaction between water and solvent, altering the surface structure of Paraloid B72. The whitening mechanism is linked to the cooling effect of solvent volatility, which lowers the dew point temperature at the air–solution interface, causing moisture condensation. Moisture forms droplets that leave irregular pores upon volatility, resulting in surface roughness, optical heterogeneity, and a reduced refractive index, resulting in whitening. This study provides a theoretical basis for understanding and preventing the whitening of Paraloid B72.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
文化遗产保护
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
COLLOIDS AND SURFACES A-PHYSICOCHEMICAL AND ENGINEERING ASPECTS
·
2023
·
IF 5.2
Wenbo He,Junfei Ou,Fajun Wang,Sheng Lei,Xinzuo Fang,Wen Li,Alidad Amirfazli
Paraloid B72, composed of an ethyl methacrylate (70%) and methyl acrylate (30%) copolymer , is widely used in the field of cultural relics protection due to its transparency, durability, and nonyellowing. However, B72 is hydrophilic and the water resistance should be enhanced. Herein, as a further study of the pioneer research by Ntelia et al. [1] , transparent superhydrophobic coating was prepared and the durability as well as the protection against moisture will be studied. B72 was mixed with the hydrophobic nanoparticles of SiO 2 in xylene and a transparent and superhydrophobic coating was then obtained by spraying onto the substrate of fabric, paper and wood. The fraction of SiO 2 in the mixture was optimized to be 2 wt% by taking hydrophobicity , air permeability , transparency, and ultraviolet transmittance into consideration. The optimal coating presented a continuous porous network surface structure with the maximum contact angle of 165° and the minimum sliding angle of 6°. Average transmittance in visible and ultraviolet light range for the composite coating on glass was 72.57% and 19.46%, versus 82.81% and 32.26% for B72, respectively. BS2 coating permeability for different substrates are less than 10%. Contact angle remained above 150° after 4 h of contact with liquids with a pH of 1–13. Water contact angle on the simulated paper relics after exposure to a hot humid (60 °C, 85 – 90 RH%) atmosphere for 5 days remained above 150°. In addition, BS2 coating showed good UV resistance after 10 days of UV light irradiation . All these data demonstrated that such a coating may find potential application in the relic protection due to its superhydrophobicity, breathability, transparency, ultraviolet protection, and durability.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
文物保护
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
NORDIC PULP & PAPER RESEARCH JOURNAL
·
2022
·Vol. 37
·期 2
·300-310
·
IF 1.595
Jin-Jie Zhang,Ying-Ping Qi,Yong-Feng Shen,Hua Li
Paper cultural relics are both precious, inheritable and fragile. However, with the passage of time, paper will also be affected by a variety of factors, and will appear mildew, yellow, brittle, or even completely damaged. In order to protect the cultural relics, extend lifespan paper, CMC-acrylate-OVPOSS graft copolymerization emulsion was synthesized by using carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) as substrate, methyl methacrylate (MMA), butyl acrylate (BA), glycidyl methacrylate (GMA), hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA), octavinyl polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (OVPOSS) as graft copolymer. The CMC-acrylate-OVPOSS emulsion was coated on the surface of the paper to test its protective effect on the paper. The results showed that the mass concentration of 10 % reinforcement solution coated on the paper, mechanical properties of paper were greatly improved, and the gloss and whiteness of paper were slightly changed, the paper also had a certain aging resistance and acid and alkali corrosion resistance. At the same time, the reversibility experiment showed that the reinforcement material had a certain reversibility.
研究领域:
材料科学
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文物保护
·
高分子化学
✓ 已验证
DOI
高影响因子
Heritage Science
·
2013
·Vol. 1
·期 1
·1-10
·
IF 0
Zhao Jing,Luo Hongjie,Wang Liqin,Li Weidong,Zhou Tie,Rong Bo
The use of organic–inorganic hybrid compounds containing tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) and hydroxyl-terminated polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS-OH) is one of the most promising approaches for using alkoxysilane-based formulations to improve the effectiveness of the consolidation of traditional silicate artifacts, such as ancient stone. Based on analysis of existing damaged potteries influenced by the crystallization of NaCl salt, the hybrid we prepared in this study provided a crack-free and homogeneous gel on the premise of appropriate PDMS-OH content. The consolidants were applied to samples prepared following procedures that simulate old pottery and the effect of the protective products was evaluated by characterizing the surface morphology, the determination of the consolidant uptake, color changes, water vapour permeability and several wet-dry cycles with salt. The best formulation found for the hybrid in the present work was made up of 10% PDMS-OH with TEOS, which showed a significant increase in compressive strength, with a value of 3.50 MPa at 3 mm depth of consolidation, similar to the sample treated with Primal SF(the commercial protective agents used for comparison purposes), which had 3.20 MPa in compressive strength at 2 mm depth of consolidation. Except for small color changes and excellent water vapor permeability, there was still no significant change, and the destructive effects from NaCl crystallization for the hydrophobic surface of the sample treated with hybrid material was different to what happened for the hydrophilic case in the original. Thus, this study has revealed, for the first time, the addition of an appropriate amount of PDMS-OH to TEOS helps to improve the mechanical properties, hydrophobic behavior and salt resistance of damaged pottery effloresced by the NaCl crystals; in addition small color changes and excellent water vapor permeability should also be taken into consideration.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
文物保护
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
Journal of Building Engineering
·
2024
·
IF 6.7
Junquan Cai,Longguan Zhu,Bingjian Zhang
Due to the relatively low mechanical strength and high porosity, sandstone cultural relics show poor resistance to weathering and are vulnerable to significant deterioration. In this work, for the first time, a novel inorganic cementitious compound was introduced for sandstone preservation by combining magnesium oxysulfide (MOS) cement with citric acid (CA). Accordingly, the effect of CA on MOS cement was investigated in terms of mechanical properties, phase analyses, micropore structures, and microtopography. MOS cement with 0.5 % (wt.) CA exhibited the best performance, with excellent infinite compressive strength (20.92 MPa) and softening coefficient (125.06 %). Due to the CA addition, the X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis represented the remarkable appearance of the 5 Mg(OH) 2 ·MgSO 4 ·7H 2 O (5-1-7 phase), the primary strength-contributing phase in MOS cement. Furthermore, the investigations on MOS mortar (mixing MOS cement with silica sand) showed that MOS cement effectively functioned as a binder for silica sand. Finally, the excellent compatibility between the MOS cement and sandstone particles highlighted the feasibility of the cement as a novel material for sandstone preservation. These findings demonstrated the MOS's promising role in sandstone cultural relics conservation with significant potential.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
文物保护
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
Advanced Composites and Hybrid Materials
·
2024
·Vol. 7
·期 2
·1-15
·
IF 23.2
Wu Wenling,Zhang Xuan,Chen Yinghao,Helal Mohamed H.,Alshahrani Wafa A.,Alqarni Nawal D.,Zhao Ting,Zhu Jianfeng,Luo Hongjie
As an enormously valuable cultural heritage, to make sure bronze relics receive more protection and extend the preservation time, the exploration and research of protective coatings for bronze are a systematic, long-term, and specialized study project. However, because of the diversity of influencing factors and sensitivity of copper-based substrate, the stabilization of bronze is confronted with a major challenge. Herein, a novel multifunctional organic-inorganic hybrid coating of fluoroethylene vinyl ether (FEVE), metal-organic framework (MOF)-derived hollow dodecahedral NiCo 2 O 4 nanocapsules, and Ti 3 C 2 T x -MXene nanosheets (FEVE@NiCo 2 O 4 /Ti 3 C 2 T x ) with superior superhydrophobicity, weatherability, and structural stability was fabricated. The protective effect and anticorrosion performance of organic-inorganic hybrid coating were researched by morphological examination, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, accelerated aging test, and electrochemical measurements. Furthermore, the multifunctional FEVE@NiCo 2 O 4 /Ti 3 C 2 T x coating exhibited favorable self-cleaning property, ultraviolet (UV) resistance, reversibility, and maintained good transparency without changing the bronze color and appearance, which would be attributed to the labyrinth effect and the complicated cross-linked skeleton of organic-inorganic hierarchical structure, preventing the transmission and diffusion of corrosive mediums. This work develops a novel material strategy to protect bronzes and explores the anticorrosion mechanism of multifunctional organic-inorganic hybrid, providing guidelines for next-generation promising protection coating. Graphical abstract
研究领域:
材料科学
·
文物保护
·
电化学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING MATERIALS
·
2023
·
IF 7.4
Zhendong Liu,Longguan Zhu,Bingjian Zhang
The surface weathering of open-air limestone caused by long-term acid-rain erosion and thermal stress is an urgent issue to solve. In this study, seven concentrations of diammonium phosphate and aluminum chloride hexahydrate (fixed molar ratio of 1000:1) were used to generate aluminum phosphate protective materials in situ with high lattice matching with calcite for surface consolidation. The compatibility test, mechanical property evaluation, and protective mechanism of the material were elucidated by color change, porosity, permeability, surface hardness, infinite compressive strength, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy–energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. It was found that aluminum phosphate had good aesthetic compatibility and water–vapor exchange balance with the matrix and surrounding environment. Meanwhile, the surface coating grown by crystal accumulation could play a role in filling pores and agglomerated particles, thereby improving the hardness (83.5 HD), infinite compressive strength (4.05 MPa), and acid-rain erosion resistance of the limestone weathering layer. Aluminum phosphate can play a vital role in the treatment and prevention of limestone surface-weathering diseases and has high research value and broad application prospects.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
文物保护
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
PROGRESS IN ORGANIC COATINGS
·
2024
·
IF 6.5
Chengyu Shi,Jianli Wang,Ying Zhou,Xinyuan Lu,Gang Chang,Aizhao Pan,Ling He
Cultural relics reflect the vitality and creativity of human beings but are being irreversibly damaged with the current protective materials exhibiting high brittleness , easy crack and unsatisfactory protection. We fabricated a POSS-based polymer POSS- g -(PGMA- co -PFMA) 2 with high transparency, high hydrophobicity and adhesive nature by SI-ATRP. In addition to reducing the phase separation during film formation, the POSS-based polymer also improved the transparency (up to 99 %). The protected sandstone presented almost no changes (ΔΕ ⁎ = 1.34) on the chroma compared to the pristine sandstone. The polymer showed good surface hydrophobicity (glass: 100–105°; sandstone: 131°) and adhesive properties (0.44–2.59 MPa) which varied based on solvents. With increasing GMA content, there was gradual increase in the adhesive strength (0.59–2.68 MPa). Meanwhile, the POSS- g -(PGMA- co -PFMA) 2 film presented excellent freeze-thaw resistance and salt tolerance. As a kind of hydrophobic and bonding coating material suitable for harsh environments with high hydrophobic, high transparency, high thermal stability , and durability, it provides a new solution to solve the severe problem of cultural relics protection with a wide application prospect.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
文化遗产保护
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
JOURNAL OF POROUS MATERIALS
·
2016
·Vol. 23
·期 5
·1133-1141
·
IF 1.385
Xu Feigao,Liu Heng,Li Dan
Xerogels’ formation in the hydrolysis and condensation reaction of tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) was studied by varying pH through adopting three different type basic catalysts (n-octylamine, dodecylamine and tetradecylamine), respectively. The effect of different templates to the formation of xerogels was investigated and characterized by FTIR, N 2 physisorption, TG-DSC and SEM analysis. The results showed that the morphology and textural characteristics of the xerogels prepared in three kinds of organic amine solutions were quite different. The texture of xerogels became more compact after addition of hydroxyl-terminated polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS-OH). Comparing with dodecylamine and tetradecylamine, n-octylamine is more suitable as catalyst to TEOS/PDMS for stone consolidation.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
文物保护
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL MACROMOLECULES
·
2024
·
IF 7.7
Suchi Liu,Mingrui Zhang,Jie Liu,Yong Lei,Mǎdǎlina Georgiana Albu Kaya,Keyong Tang
In this study, CA-Gel complexes were prepared by crosslinking gelatin with chlorogenic acid (CA) by EDC/NHS chemistry, and incorporated into gelatin to produce CA-Gel/Gel films for leather artifact preservation. The synthesized CA-Gel complex had a total phenolic content of 139.62 ± 1.8 mg/g. The moisture content of CA-Gel/Gel film is 37.84 % lower than that of Gel film. The addition of CA-Gel complexes enhanced the hydrophobic and antibacterial properties of Gel films. CA-Gel/Gel films showed excellent antioxidant properties, as evidenced by the increase in the DPPH radical scavenging rate from 0 to 98.18 %. Additionally, CA-Gel/Gel films effectively shield UV light, preventing almost the transmission of ultraviolet rays. Notably, CA-Gel/Gel films maintain their antioxidant properties and UV light shielding after one month at ambient temperature. Therefore, their long-term antioxidant and UV light shielding properties were indicated. In addition, the UV light aging tests were carried out on leathers with and without CA-Gel/Gel film coverage. The results showed that CA-Gel/Gel films effectively preserved the original color of leathers, with no changes in their random coil structure before and after UV light irradiation. This work emphasizes the potential use of CA-Gel/Gel films as an innovative protective packaging solution for long-term preservation of leather artifacts.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
文物保护
·
生物化学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
Heritage Science
·
2024
·Vol. 12
·期 1
·1-13
·
IF 2.6
Zhu Jinmeng,Wang Jiapeng,Wang Jia,Ding Jinghan,Zhao Xichen,Dong Wenqiang,Lu Zhiyong,Li Xuanhua
Removing unwanted materials, such as organic coatings and soil, from the cultural relic surface is a complex and significant task in the field of cultural heritage conservation. Microemulsion-loaded gel can effectively and safely remove those organic coatings and soil. Here, we employed a simple solvent exchange strategy to prepare a microemulsion-loaded polyvinyl alcohol/polyethyleneimine (PVA/PEI) hydrogel. First, PVA and PEI were dissolved into DMSO to form a gel. Then, the gel was immersed into a microemulsion composed of water, ethyl acetate, propylene carbonate, sodium dodecyl sulfate, and 1-pentanol to exchange DMSO. Microemulsion-loaded PVA/PEI hydrogel can be synthesized by completely substituting DMSO. To investigate the microstructure, rheological properties, and mechanical properties of the gel, scanning electron microscopy, a rheometer, and a universal testing machine were used, respectively. Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) analysis was conducted to explore the synthesis mechanism and confirm the successful loading of microemulsion within the microemulsion-loaded PVA/PEI hydrogel. Furthermore, FT-IR, a depth-of-field microscope, and a glossmeter were utilized to evaluate the cleaning efficiency of the microemulsion-loaded PVA/PEI hydrogel for removing animal glue and soil from the surfaces of cultural relics. Moreover, an X-ray fluorescence spectrometer was used to analyze the element component of the ancient coin. The application results showed that the microemulsion-loaded PVA/PEI hydrogel can effectively remove animal glue from an ancient wall painting surface. Moreover, it is capable of removing soil from an ancient coin surface as well, which helped to confirm the age of the coin. This offers a novel method to prepare microemulsion-loaded hydrogel and demonstrates great potential in the cleaning for cultural heritage.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
文化遗产保护
·
化学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
Coatings
·
2021
·Vol. 11
·期 12
·1534
·
IF 2.881
Yaping Wen,Huoliang Qing,Hui Shu,Qiang Liu
The purpose of this work was to use different surfactants to deposit different crystalline calcium carbonate films on the surface of sandstone through a simple double displacement reaction. This was done to test the protective effects of calcium carbonate coatings based on water absorption, moisture permeability and weather resistance. Experimental results showed that the air permeability of the stone treated with vaterite calcium carbonate was reduced, but that this did not affect water vapor’s access into and out of the stone. Compared with untreated stone, the water absorption rate was reduced 0.5 times, and the weather resistance increased by 4 times due to small crystal grains, high solubility, and deep penetration hindering the erosion of water and soluble salts. These findings are expected to provide useful suggestions for the protection of stone cultural heritage.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
文物保护学
·
无机化学
·
表面化学
·
建筑材料耐久性
✓ 已验证
DOI
高影响因子
危险品化学品经营许可证（带存储）