JOURNAL OF POWER SOURCES
·
2014
·
IF 5.211
Pengran Gao,Yi Liu,Weixin Lv,Rui Zhang,Wei Liu,Xianfu Bu,Guanghua Li,Lixu Lei
Three artificial mixtures of PbSO 4 and PbO 2 as well as the active materials obtained directly from the positive plates of spent batteries have been solvothermally treated in methanol at 140 °C for 24 h, which produce mainly PbO·PbSO 4 . The PbO·PbSO 4 can be easily desulphated with ammonium carbonate to produce PbCO 3 , which can be calcined to form α-PbO to be used as positive active material of lead acid batteries . The α-PbO powders are irregular particles and highly electrochemically active, which discharges around 165 mAh g −1 at 5 mA g −1 , 80 mAh g −1 at 200 mA g −1 and 60 mAh g −1 at 400 mA g −1 with excellent cyclic stability in 50 cycles. SEM investigations show that the as-formed PbO·PbSO 4 may inherit and enhance the morphological characteristics of PbSO 4 , and carbonation of PbO·PbSO 4 does not destroy the rod-like characteristics. For the active material from the positive plates of spent lead acid batteries, the discharge capacities are 170 mAh g −1 at the current density of 5 mA g −1 , and 60 mAh g −1 at 400 mA g −1 , which is also similar. In 50 cycles, its capacity loss is only 5%.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
电化学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
JOURNAL OF POWER SOURCES
·
2013
·
IF 4.675
Pengran Gao,Weixin Lv,Rui Zhang,Yi Liu,Guanghua Li,Xianfu Bu,Lixu Lei
We have developed a novel route to make new batteries from spent ones, in which we obtain and regenerate the active materials of positive electrode and negative electrode respectively. For the spent lead acid batteries , the positive electrode active materials contain both PbSO 4 and PbO 2 . To make full use of them, we have to investigate the treatment of the mixtures rather than only PbO 2 , which we have reported previously. Here we report our investigation on three mixtures of PbSO 4 and PbO 2 in different mole ratios, as well as the electrode materials directly from the spent batteries. The mixtures are firstly desulphated, and then solvothermally processed in methanol at 140 °C for 24 h. The as-obtained solids contain both PbO·PbCO 3 and PbCO 3 , which have been calcined to form α-PbO. The α-PbO powders are similar irregular particles and highly electrochemically active, which discharge around 170 mAh g −1 at 5 mA g −1 , 80 mAh g −1 at 200 mA g −1 and 60 mAh g −1 at 400 mA g −1 with excellent cyclic stability in 50 cycles.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
能源技术
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
JOURNAL OF SOLID STATE ELECTROCHEMISTRY
·
2023
·Vol. 27
·期 10
·2593-2606
·
IF 2.5
Li Er-Mei,Zhu Li,Li Chao-Xiong,Shi Ling-Jun,Li Bing,Li Fang,Deng Ning,He Jian-Bo
Stannous sulfate is commonly used as an additive in the positive lead pastes of lead-acid batteries, but its real function and mechanism are still vague and need further study. The present work investigates the intrinsic effects of tin additives on the positive electrode performance under well-controlled experimental conditions. The tin additives are added in three ways: the SnSO 4 dissolved in 4.5 M H 2 SO 4 electrolyte, the metal Sn melted in metal Pb substrate, and the SnSO 4 mixed in homemade industrial lead pastes. A series of evolutions are clearly revealed in structure, composition, and redox activity of the positive active materials with the content of Sn. Both the SnSO 4 in the electrolyte and in the positive lead pastes have a significant inhibiting effect on the transformation between PbSO 4 and PbO 2 , leading to a decrease in the charge/discharge capacities with increasing content of SnSO 4 . A similar but weaker inhibiting effect was also found for the Sn melted in the Pb-Sn alloys. The SnSO 4 has a significant enhancement effect on the grain size of PbSO 4 /PbO 2 , which increases the resistance of the solid-phase transformation deep inside the grains during the charge/discharge. All these results do not support the use of SnSO 4 in the positive pastes of lead-acid batteries. Graphical abstract
研究领域:
材料科学
·
电化学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
JOURNAL OF THE ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY
·
2016
·Vol. 163
·期 10
·A2240
·
IF 3.014
Cheng Ma,Yuehong Shu,Hongyu Chen
An environmental friendly recycling process is investigated to recover lead as leady oxide from spent lead-acid battery paste. In this study, sodium oxalate as a desulfurizer and oxalate acid as a reducing agent have been used to leach three major components (PbSO4, PbO2 and PbO) respectively to obtain the optimal reaction conditions for real industrial spent lead paste leaching. In this sodium oxalate and oxalate acid leaching system, no extra reducing agent was needed any more to reduce PbO2. The results show that sodium oxalate exhibits much higher desulfurization efficiency for PbSO4, and PbO2 can be reduced easily in oxalate acid solution under the optimum conditions with an ratio of 1.25:1, an ratio of 2:1 at 60°C for 70 min. Lead oxalate precursor is calcined in air or N2, porous α-PbO is the only product in air and the calcination products are PbO and metallic Pb in N2 confirmed by morphology and structure characterizations, which is appropriate for lead-acid battery manufacturing. The recycling products were reused directly in lead-acid battery assembling as positive active materials and the assembled batteries show a good cyclic stability in 50 discharge/charge cycles.
研究领域:
化学工程
·
材料科学
·
环境科学
✓ 已验证
DOI
高影响因子
JOURNAL OF SOLID STATE ELECTROCHEMISTRY
·
2024
·
IF 2.6
Zhang Yuli,Hou Yujie,Nie Liu,Guo Zhiliang,Lai Changgan,Ji Shuai,Zhang Donghuai,Zhang Yifan,Lei Lixu
Agglomerated nanorods of lead phosphate have been synthesized from the reaction of lead acetate prepared from waste lead paste and Na 2 HPO 4 , which is used as an additive for the PbSO 4 -negative electrode of a lead-acid cell. It has been found that lead phosphate can be all converted to lead sulfate in 36 wt.% sulfuric acid electrolyte and generate phosphoric acid, and the negative active material containing 1 wt.% lead phosphate discharges a capacity of 111 mAh g −1 at 100 mA g −1 till 1.75 V; it still discharges 78 mAh g −1 after 1200 cycles, which is 10.1% higher than the blank PbSO 4 electrode. It is believed that phosphoric acid could remove the non-conductive oxide on the lead alloy grid; thus, a better conductive network could be built. Also, phosphoric acid is adsorbed on PbSO 4 particles, which can improve the reversibility of the electrode and diminish the shedding of PbSO 4 .
研究领域:
材料科学
·
电化学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
IONICS
·
2020
·Vol. 26
·期 8
·3989-3995
·
IF 2.394
Zhang Shao-hui,Liu Bao-sheng,Ai Bao-Shan,Wang Zhen-bo
In this article, calcination at high temperature is used to dope bismuth into the lead lattice, forming a composite metal oxide. The impact of bismuth doping on the conductivity of the cathode material PbO 2 and the structural framework during charge-discharge cycles is investigated. SEM and XRD are used to understand the structure and morphology of the lead-bismuth composite oxide, while cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy are used to determine its resistance and electrochemical properties. Battery cycling tests are performed to evaluate the impact of bismuth doping on the performance of the lead-acid cathode material, and it was found that discharge capacity at 2 C increased by 15% while retaining 90% of its initial capacity after 250 cycles.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
电化学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
Journal of Sustainable Metallurgy
·
2022
·Vol. 8
·期 3
·1257-1268
·
IF 3.068
Geng Xiao,Ru Juan-jian,Hua Yi-xin,Zhang Wen-wen
The recovery of lead from spent lead acid battery paste (SLP) is not only related to the sustainable development of the lead industry, but also to the sustainable evolution environment. An innovative process is proposed for the recovery of high purity metallic lead from spent lead acid battery paste (SLP) by electrodeposition at 333–353 K in choline chloride-urea deep eutectic solvent (ChCl-urea DES). The electrochemical behavior of SLP on low carbon steel (LCS) electrode has been investigated by cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry measurement. Results imply that Pb(IV) could be reduced preferentially to Pb(II) by ChCl-urea DES, which possesses a strong reducibility. Then the reduction of Pb(II) is a diffusion-controlled quasi-reversible process and the diffusion coefficient increases gradually from 2.70 × 10 –8 cm 2 /s at 333 K to 6.79 × 10 –8 cm 2 /s at 353 K. The initial nucleation stage of lead on LCS electrode is a three-dimensional instantaneous nucleation process. In addition, the effects of temperature on the current efficiency and specific energy consumption during the recovery of lead have been discussed at 2.5 V for 1 h. The current efficiency is about 90.73% and the specific energy consumption is as low as 712.83 kW h/t at 353 K. Rod-shaped and fern-like lead powders can be obtained with a face-centered cubic structure and the predominately oriented crystallite varies from (200) at 333 K to (111) plane at 343 K and 353 K. This new system can efficiently shorten the production flow, lower the requirement for equipment, and avoiding emission of lead effluent and harmful gases. This article provides a green extraction method of lead and a theoretical guidance for the electrochemical extraction of valuable metals from spent battery materials in close neutral electrolyte. Graphical Abstract
研究领域:
环境科学
·
材料科学
·
电化学工程
✓ 已验证
DOI
高影响因子
Journal of Energy Chemistry
·
2024
·
IF 14
Xiaojuan Cao,Xiaoyu Yan,Kai Zhao,Le Ke,Xiaoyi Jiang,Lingjiao Li,Ning Yan
Electrochemical energy storage is a promising technology for the integration of renewable energy. Lead-acid battery is perhaps among the most successful commercialized systems ever since thanks to its excellent cost-effectiveness and safety records. Despite of 165 years of development, the low energy density as well as the coupled power and energy density scaling restrain its wider application in real life. To address this challenge, we optimized the configuration of conventional Pb-acid battery to integrate two gas diffusion electrodes. The novel device can work as a Pb-air battery using ambient air, showing a peak power density of 183 mW cm −2 , which was comparable with other state-of-the-art metal-O 2 batteries. It can also behave as a fuel cell, simultaneously converting H 2 and air into electricity with a peak power density of 75 mW cm −2 . Importantly, this device showed little performance degradation after 35 h of the longevity test. Our work shows the exciting potential of lead battery technology and demonstrates the importance of battery architecture optimization toward improved energy storage capacity.
研究领域:
能源工程
·
电化学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
ELECTROCHIMICA ACTA
·
2020
·
IF 6.215
Chengwei Chen,Yongchuan Liu,Yuanqiang Chen,Xin Li,Jian Cheng,Sujing Chen,Junhong Lin,Xiangxin Zhang,Yining Zhang
Expanders are important additives for lead-acid battery , which reduce the degree of compaction within negative plates and provide more ionically transport channels within the plates during the charge/discharge process. Lignosulfonates (LS) with a 3D structure is one of the most often used expander, which ensures the low compaction of negative plate. However, the insulativity of LS increase cathodic polarization and retard the conversion of PbSO 4 to Pb during charging progress, which intensify the PbSO 4 accumulation in the negative plate and shorten the HRPSoC cycle life of the battery. Focusing on the problems, we used polyaniline-modified lignosulfonates (PANI/LS) composites as expanders. The composites inherit good electronic conductivity of PANI and ionic transport channels from the LS with a 3D structure. Furthermore, the PANI/LS composites havea higher hydrogen evolution over-potential than LS, which avoids the electrolyte dry-out during charging process. The battery tests indicate PANI/LS can refine the size of PbSO 4 particles and promote the conversion of PbSO 4 to Pb. The HRPSoC cycle life of battery with 2PANILS composite expander is 7.3 times longer than that of the battery with LS expander. The negative active material utilization (U NAM ) of the battery containing 2PANILS composite expander is 2 times larger than the battery with LS expander. In addition, the preparation process for the negative plate with 2PANI-LS expander is facile and has potentials for large-scale industrial production.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
电化学
✓ 已验证
DOI
高影响因子
JOURNAL OF ALLOYS AND COMPOUNDS
·
2020
·
IF 4.65
Guanjie Xing,Min Huang,Simeng Hao,Chuansheng He,Xiaohong Li,Louzhen Fan,Yunchao Li
To obtain high-capacity electrode materials and meanwhile actualize the reuse of scrap lead paste, a novel alkylamine-mediated thermolysis route is proposed herein for one-pot preparation of high-quality PbO nanomaterials , relying on the thermal decomposition of lead carboxylate in hot solvent in the presence of hexadecylamine (HDA). This synthetic route allows us to produce uniform PbO nanowires with a diameter of 7.1 nm and a length beyond 10 μm, and nanosheets and nanorings with a lateral size of ca. 310 nm on a gram scale, by simply tuning the alkylamine content or reaction time. In particular, we have employed various means to unveil the key role of HDA, i.e., precursor activation and surface passivation function, in the controlled preparation of such PbO nanomaterials. Impressively, when serving as the positive active materials for lead acid batteries (LABs), the anodes based on PbO nanowires displayed an excellent discharge performance: its discharge capacity and active material utilization ratios could reach 164.3 mA h/g and 68.5% respectively even at a discharge current density as high as 50 mA/g, which are superior to most of the previously-reported values. Such an excellent discharge performance was speculated to result from the synergization effect of the large ECSA, small charge transfer resistance and highly active exposed facets associated with the PbO nanowires.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
电化学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
Journal of Cleaner Production
·
2019
·
IF 6.395
Yun Li,Shenghai Yang,Pekka Taskinen,Jing He,Fangwen Liao,Rongbo Zhu,Yongming Chen,Chaobo Tang,Yuejun Wang,Ari Jokilaakso
This study proposes an innovative and environment-friendly method for recycling spent lead-acid batteries without SO 2 generation. Iron-containing waste was employed as a sulfur-fixing agent to retain sulfur as ferrous matte, which eliminated the generation and emissions of gaseous SO 2 . This work investigated the thermodynamic and experimental feasibility and conversion mechanism of the method, and evaluated its industrial applicability. A bench-scale test showed direct recoveries of 93.5% and 97.7% in crude lead and ferrous matte for lead and sulfur, respectively. The phase transformation mechanism study indicated that metallic lead from the lead paste was extracted mainly through the sequence of PbSO 4 → C / C O PbS → F e 3 O 4 PbO → C / C O Pb. Sulfur in PbSO 4 was thus first transferred to PbS and finally fixed as FeS. An industrial-scale pilot campaign was also conducted to confirm the feasibility and reliability of the new process.
研究领域:
环境科学
·
材料科学
·
化学工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
JOM
·
2019
·Vol. 72
·期 9
·3186-3194
·
IF 2.305
Li Yun,Yang Shenghai,Taskinen Pekka,He Jing,Chen Yongming,Tang Chaobo,Jokilaakso Ari
This study proposed a cleaner pyrometallurgical lead-acid battery (LAB) recycling method for lead extraction and sulfur conservation without an excessive amount of SO 2 generation. A reducing atmosphere was introduced to the lead paste recycling system to selectively reduce PbSO 4 to PbS. At the same time, PbO and PbO 2 components contained in the lead paste were also reduced to metallic Pb. Then, the intermediate PbS further reacted with a sulfur-fixing agent, typically Fe 3 O 4 , to generate PbO and FeS. Sulfur was transformed from PbSO 4 to PbS and finally conserved as FeS. Thus, SO 2 emissions and pollution were significantly eliminated. This work investigated the thermodynamic and experimental feasibility and phase conversion mechanism of this proposed method, the detailed lead extraction and sulfur fixing mechanisms were clarified, and the phase transformation and microstructural evolution processes were characterized. Additionally, a bench experiment of industrial, end-of-life LAB paste was conducted to detect the lead recovery and sulfur fixation efficiency.
研究领域:
环境科学
·
冶金工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
危险品化学品经营许可证（带存储）