Jiewei Zheng,Xin Yang,Cong Zhang,Weipeng Zhang,Yue Hu,Lihai Zeng,Lili Liu,Guoliang Li
Icariin (ICA), an active ingredient found in Epimedium , possesses antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties and has garnered widespread attention in recent years. This study investigated the protective effects of ICA against cadmium (Cd)-induced kidney injury in rats. Healthy male specific pathogen-free Sprague–Dawley rats were randomly divided into a control group, Cd group, a low-dose ICA group, a middle-dose ICA group, and a high-dose ICA group using a random number table. Tissue and blood samples were analyzed for renal function markers, histopathology, and gene expression. We found that ICA intervention ameliorates Cd-induced nephrotoxicity by enhancing glomerular filtration, mitigating renal tubular epithelial cell damage, reducing cellular degeneration and edema, and decreasing oxidative stress. ICA demonstrated anti-apoptotic activity through the regulation of pro- and anti-apoptotic gene transcription and by inhibiting apoptosis, thus protecting the kidneys. ICA also exhibited anti-inflammatory effects by reducing the transcription of Cd-induced pro-inflammatory genes, inhibiting nucleotide oligomerization domain-like receptor pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome formation, and preventing pyroptosis. ICA potentially regulated the Toll-like receptor 4/ P2rx7 /nuclear factor kappa B signaling pathway, which modulated the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome and contributed to its anti-inflammatory action. ICA reduced Cd-induced renal injury in rats, likely through a mechanism involving antioxidant, anti-apoptotic, and anti-inflammatory effects.
Tissue-resident memory T cells (T RM ) can be induced by infection and vaccination, and play a key role in maintaining long-term protective immunity against mucosal pathogens. Our studies explored the key factors and mechanisms affecting the differentiation, maturation, and stable residence of gastric epithelial CD4 + T RM induced by Helicobacter pylori (Hp) vaccine and optimized Hp vaccination to promote the generation and residence of T RM .CD38 regulated mitochondrial activity and enhanced TGF-β signal transduction to promote the differentiation and residence of gastric epithelial CD4 + T RM by mediating the expression of CD105. Extracellular nucleotides influenced the long-term maintenance of T RM in gastric epithelium by P2RX7. Vitamin D3 and Gram-positive enhancer matrix particles (GEMs)as immune adjuvants combined with Hp vaccination promoted the production of CD69 + CD103 + CD4 + T RM .
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