Cell fusion is the process by which two or more cells merge to become a single cell. Spontaneous fusion occurs naturally in both in vivo and in vitro cultured cells. Artificial methods for inducing cell fusion have been used since the 1950s, and this technique has now become an important tool in the study of cytogenetics, cellular immunity, oncology, and cellular engineering. Under the action of inducers (e.g. Sendai virus, polyethylene glycol), the fused cells agglutinate, and then undergo a series of changes in the plasma membrane composition at the plasma membrane contact, mainly the breaking and rearrangement of certain chemical bonds, and finally the two plasma membranes are opened to form a binucleated or multinucleated cell (at this time, called a homonucleosome or heteronucleosome). Through mitosis, the nuclei fuse to form a hybrid cell.

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