ActRIIA and ActRIIB are important receptors for TGF-β superfamily ligands such as Myostatin/GDF8 and Activin A. Through SMAD2/3 signaling, they restrict skeletal muscle growth and participate in adipose tissue metabolism. Blocking ActRIIA/ActRIIB can increase or preserve Lean Mass while ...
Activins and inhibins both belong to the TGF-β superfamily and are formed by different combinations of inhibin subunits, but they exert opposing effects on the regulation of pituitary follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). Activins promote FSH synthesis and secretion, whereas inhibins restrict ...
Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have self-renewal and multilineage differentiation capacities and can be used in disease modeling, drug screening, organoid construction, and cell therapy research. Directed differentiation of iPSCs depends on stage-specific signal regulation. Activin A, ...