Cellular signaling does not arise only from receptor activation, protein phosphorylation, or the nuclear translocation of transcription factors. Many signals begin even earlier, with changes in the distribution of substances across the plasma membrane or organelle membranes. Molecules such as ...
Purine (purine): An aromatic nitrogen-containing heterocycle formed by the fusion of a pyrimidine ring and an imidazole ring, with the molecular formula C₅H₄N₄. The purine core underpins many key biomolecules: from purine bases in nucleic acids (e.g., adenine, guanine), to ...
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is the central molecule of cellular energy metabolism, and changes in its level directly reflect cell viability, mitochondrial function and metabolic state. ATP detection based on the firefly luciferase–luciferin bioluminescent system features high sensitivity, a ...