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ENPP1 is a membrane-associated enzyme in the extracellular nucleotide-metabolism network that can degrade tumor-derived 2′,3′-cGAMP and promote adenosine production through the AMP–CD73 pathway. Targeting ENPP1 protects extracellular cGAMP and restores its ability to activate the STING pathway ...
ADAR1 is an important RNA-editing enzyme that catalyzes adenosine-to-inosine (A-to-I) editing in double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), reducing the recognition of endogenous dsRNA by nucleic acid-sensing systems such as MDA5, PKR, and ZBP1. Tumor cells can exploit ADAR1 to maintain RNA immune tolerance, ...
High microsatellite instability (microsatellite instability-high, MSI-H) is a genomic phenotype resulting from defective DNA mismatch repair. The continuous accumulation of insertion–deletion mutations generates frameshift neoantigens that increase tumor immune visibility while also producing ...
Neutrophils not only participate in antimicrobial defense and tissue injury responses but also infiltrate the tumor microenvironment and acquire highly heterogeneous functional states. They can contribute to antitumor immunity while also promoting tumor progression through immunosuppression, ...
Necroptosis is a form of regulated cell death centered on the RIPK3–MLKL execution axis. Plasma membrane rupture can be accompanied by the release of DAMPs, tumor antigens, and inflammatory signals, thereby directly linking cell death to changes in the tumor immune microenvironment. ...
“Cold” tumors are generally characterized by insufficient tumor antigen presentation, limited effector T-cell infiltration, and pronounced local immunosuppression, resulting in relatively poor responses to immune checkpoint blockade.
The gut microbiota can use dietary components, host secretions, and intrinsic microbial metabolic pathways to generate diverse classes of small-molecule compounds. These metabolites regulate the intestinal epithelial barrier, energy metabolism, immune-cell differentiation, and signaling in ...
HMGB1 converts cellular damage into inflammatory and chemotactic signals and regulates tumor immunity, tumor stemness, and therapy tolerance through TLRs, RAGE, and CXCR4.
The CD161-LLT1 axis connects NK cells, T cells, and the tumor microenvironment, and is one of the important pathways for evaluating tumor immune regulation and immune escape. Research on this axis should not remain limited to detecting CD161 or LLT1 expression levels alone. It should also ...
The extracellular matrix (ECM) in the tumor microenvironment not only supports tissue structure, but also continuously regulates immune cell infiltration, migration, activation, and effector functions through matrix deposition, crosslinking, degradation, and spatial reorganization. ECM ...
The BAFF pathway and the PD-1 pathway represent two typical directions in immune regulation by therapeutic monoclonal antibodies. The BAFF pathway mainly regulates B-cell survival, maturation, and autoantibody production, making it suitable for studies related to autoimmunity and abnormal ...
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