Sulfonated ZrO2-TiO2 nanorods as efficient solid acid catalysts for heterogeneous esterification of palmitic acid

Two types of efficient and novel sulfonated ZrO 2 -TiO 2 nanorods solid acid catalysts, designed as ZrO 2 -TiO 2 -SO 3 H nanorods and ZrO 2 -TiO 2 @SO 4 2− nanorods, were prepared for the production of biodiesel by esterification of palmitic acid. The ZrO 2 -TiO 2 nanorods were used as carrier and sulfonated by two different methods: post-gifting method and impregnation method. These catalysts were characterized by FT-IR, Pyridine-FT-IR SEM, TEM, EDS, BET, TGA and XRD to study their properties. The results indicated that the morphologies of ZrO 2 -TiO 2 nanocomposites were unique nanorods. The two catalysts had high content of sulfate groups, which were demonstrated by the weight ratio of S/(Zr + Ti) and obvious peaks of Brønsted acid sites. As the results, ZrO 2 -TiO 2 -SO 3 H and ZrO 2 -TiO 2 @SO 4 2− revealed strong catalytic activities in the esterification of palmitic acid. Although ZrO 2 -TiO 2 @SO 4 2− nanorods (acidity = 3.4 mmol/g) appealed stronger catalytic activity than ZrO 2 -TiO 2 -SO 3 H nanorods (acidity = 1.9 mmol/g) due to its higher acidities, ZrO 2 -TiO 2 -SO 3 H nanorods exhibited higher reusability, and the yield of biodiesel was more than 85% after 5 successive uses, which indicated that the method of sulfonation can deeply affect properties of catalysts.