Porous graphdiyne composite-based wearable triboelectric nanogenerator for energy harvesting and multifunctional self-powered sensing

Exploring new materials is crucial for advancing wearable triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) to fulfill the increasing demand for high performance and multifunctionality. While two-dimensional (2D) materials have demonstrated their effectiveness as triboelectric layers through charge trapping, graphdiyne—a material with exceptional physicochemical properties—along with its composites, remains underexplored in energy harvesting and sensing. Herein, thin, porous graphdiyne and graphdiyne oxide composite films were fabricated through a facile casting and solvent extraction method, and the associated TENG devices achieve the highest peak power density of 4.35 W/m 2 , outperforming most existing 2D material composite-based counterparts. Notably, the device demonstrates remarkable long-term stability, enduring over 22,000 cycles without any decline in voltage. Moreover, this wearable TENG shows considerable versatility; when integrated into a face mask, it effectively functions as a self-powered respiratory sensor capable of speech recognition and monitoring breathing status. It also serves as a bending sensor for Morse code detection. By harnessing the unique physicochemical properties of the porous composite films, the devices exhibit capacities for volatile organic compounds detection.