Precision targeting of FDX1-mediated cuproptosis by a ROS-responsive hydrogel for myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury treatment

Rationale: Myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury (MIRI) poses a critical clinical challenge due to intertwined oxidative stress and cuproptosis-driven cell death. Current therapies inadequately address dual-pathology mechanisms (ROS overproduction and copper dysregulation), while conventional drug delivery lacks spatiotemporal precision. Methods: A ROS-responsive hydrogel (OD@G4CAsi-FDX1) was engineered via dynamic Schiff base crosslinking between oxidized dextran (OD) and polyamidoamine dendrimers (PAMAM G4). The hydrogel co-encapsulates antioxidant caffeic acid (CA) and FDX1-targeted siRNA (si-FDX1). In vitro biocompatibility, ROS scavenging, and mitochondrial protection were assessed in primary cardiomyocytes. In vivo efficacy was evaluated in a murine MIRI model following intramyocardial hydrogel injection. Cardiac function, infarct size, and molecular markers were analyzed. Results: In vitro , it reduced ROS, preserved mitochondrial membrane potential, and suppressed pro-inflammatory cytokines. In vivo , it reduced infarct size, suppressed cuproptosis markers, and improved cardiac function. Mechanistically, si-FDX1 blocked DLAT oligomerization, while CA neutralized ROS, synergistically restoring redox homeostasis. This efficacy was enabled by sustained ROS-triggered release. Conclusions: OD@G4CAsi-FDX1 hydrogel dual-targets ROS and cuproptosis via a single injectable platform, overcoming limitations of conventional mono-mechanistic therapies. It demonstrates significant cardioprotection and clinical potential for MIRI management.