A key component fumarine of Sijunzi decoction induces necroptosis in clear cell renal cell carcinoma potentially via targeting SLC6A3, OPRD1 and KDR

Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is the most common kidney cancer with limited treatment options. Sijunzi decoction (SJZ), a classic traditional Chinese medicine formula, has shown therapeutic potential but its active components and mechanisms against ccRCC remain unclear. This study integrated network pharmacology and bioinformatics analysis of TCGA data to identify kaempferol and fumarine as the core anti-ccRCC components of SJZ, potentially targeting genes including SLC6A3, OPRD1, and KDR. Subsequent in vitro validation demonstrated that fumarine specifically induces necroptosis, a form of programmed cell death, in A498 ccRCC cells, rather than apoptosis or pyroptosis. Mechanistically, fumarine triggers this process by binding to SLC6A3, OPR1 and KDR and upregulating inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and TNF, leading to the activation of the necroptotic pathway and subsequent inhibition of tumor growth. Our findings not only elucidate the key material basis and mechanism of SJZ against ccRCC but also highlight fumarine as a promising novel necroptosis-inducing agent for cancer therapy.