Stack of Bi2Se3/Carbon Films with Pyramid Interface for Dual-Mode Temperature–Pressure Sensing in Aquatic Environments

A pyramid-interface-structured Bi 2 Se 3 layer was electrochemically constructed on flexible carbon paper, exhibiting excellent hydrophobicity with a contact angle of 143.7°. Dual-mode decoupling of temperature and pressure without cross-interference was achieved using a single material in both air and underwater environments. The sensor maintains stable signal output under prolonged underwater operation, mechanical bending, electromagnetic interference exposure, and even direct flame contact, demonstrating exceptional environmental resilience.