Construction of a CuS/Ti₃C₂/rGO composite interface with a synergistic catalysis−conduction−protection effect for non−enzymatic glucose sensing

Developing sensing interfaces that simultaneously integrate catalytic activity, efficient charge transfer, and structural stability remains a major challenge for high-performance non-enzymatic glucose sensing. Herein, a CuS/Ti₃C₂/rGO ternary composite was fabricated through a combination of liquid-phase precipitation and self-assembly. Structural, surface, and electrochemical studies revealed that the enhanced sensing performance originated from the synergistic integration of catalytic CuS, conductive Ti₃C₂, and rGO-assisted structural protection. Under optimized conditions, the sensor exhibited a fast response time of 3.7 s, a wide linear range of 0.01–10.35 mM, and a low detection limit of 3.33 µM (S/ N  = 3). In addition, satisfactory selectivity, stability, repeatability, and reproducibility were achieved. Recoveries of 98.1–105.0% were obtained in commercial oral liquids and fruit juice samples, demonstrating good analytical reliability in complex matrices. These findings indicate that the proposed catalysis-conduction-protection strategy provides an effective design principle for constructing high-performance non-enzymatic glucose sensing interfaces.