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Rational design of Pt-based electrocatalysts necessitates precise control over nanoparticle size and electronic structure to optimize activity and durability. We develop a mesopore confinement strategy to synthesize size-tunable Pt nanoparticles embedded in hollow mesoporous carbon spheres (HMCs) with adjustable pore diameters (5-20 nm). Benefitting from the mesopore confinement, the optimized Pt/HMCs-10 demonstrates exceptional electrocatalytic performance for both the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and ethylene glycol oxidation reaction (EGOR), surpassing commercial Pt/C. In-situ FTIR spectroscopy, in-situ electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and other techniques elucidate the structure-activity relationship. For HER, Pt/HMCs-10 delivers a mass activity of 5,534 mA mg Pt -1 at -40 mV (vs. RHE), 15.7 times higher than Pt/C, owing to optimized work function modulation and accelerated charge transfer. In EGOR, it achieves a record mass activity of 10,696 mA mg Pt -1 , 3.8 times higher than Pt/C. which is attributed to stabilized *OC-CH 2 OH intermediates (ΔG = 7.54 kJ mol⁻¹) and efficient C-C cleavage. The mesoporous architecture ensures exceptional Pt nanoparticle dispersion and long-term stability. This work establishes a general strategy for designing confined-metal electrocatalysts while uncovering how pore confinement simultaneously tunes electronic properties and reaction pathways.
Highly efficient and stable polymer solar cells (PSCs) have been fabricated by adopting solution-derived hybrid poly(ethylene glycol)-titanium oxide (PEG-TiO x ) nanocomposite films as a novel and universal cathode buffer layer (CBL), which can greatly improve device performance by reducing interface energy barriers and enhancing charge extraction/collection. The performance of inverted PSCs with varied bulk-heterojunctions (BHJs) based on this hybrid nanocomposite CBL was found to be much better than those of control devices with a pure TiO x CBL or without a CBL. An excellent power conversion efficiency up to 9.05% under AM 1.5G irradiation (100 mW·cm −2 ) was demonstrated, which represents a record high value for inverted PSCs with TiO x -based interface materials.
A series of novel polypeptide-based graft copolymer poly(L-glutamic acid)-graft-methoxy poly(ethylene glycol) (PLG-g-mPEG) was synthesized through a Steglich esterification reaction of PLG with mPEG. The structure of the copolymers was confirmed by nuclear magnetic resonance spectra (NMR) and gel permeation chromatography (GPC). MTT assay demonstrated that the PLG-g-mPEGs had good cell compatibility. The unreacted carboxyl groups of the PLG-g-mPEGs were used to complex cisplatin to form polymer-metal complex nanoparticles (CDDP/PLG-g-mPEG) for cancer therapy. The average hydrodynamic radius of the CDDP/PLG-g-mPEG nanoparticles was in the range of 14–25 nm, which was beneficial for solid tumor targeting delivery. A sustained release without initial burst was achieved for the CDDP/PLG-g-mPEG nanoparticles, indicating that the CDDP-loaded nanoparticles had great potential to suppress the drug release in blood circulation before the nanoparticles had arrived at targeting tumors. The CDDP/PLG-g-mPEG nanoparticles showed a much longer blood retention profile as compared with the free CDDP. This indicated that the CDDP-loaded nanoparticles had much more opportunity to accumulate in tumor tissue by exerting the EPR effect. In vitro tests demonstrated that the CDDP/PLG-g-mPEG nanoparticles could inhibit the proliferation of HeLa, MCF-7 and A549 cancer cells. At equal dose (4 mg kg–1), the CDDP/PLG-g-mPEG nanoparticles showed comparable in vivo antitumor efficacy and significantly lower systemic toxicity as compared with free cis-Diaminedichloroplatinum (cisplatin, CDDP) in MCF-7 tumor bearing mice. These suggested that the CDDP/PLG-g-mPEG nanoparticle drug delivery system had a great potential to be used for cancer therapy.
The cis-1-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoropropene (R1233zd(Z)) and tetraethylene glycol dimethyl ether (TEGDME) system has been proposed in this study as a potential alternative absorption working pair. The vapor pressure, density, viscosity, and specific heat capacity of the R1233zd(Z)/TEGDME system were measured systematically. The mixing enthalpy and specific enthalpy were calculated by the NRTL model. Regression equations for the measured values were obtained by a least-squares method. Compared with the LiBr/H2O system, the generation temperature of the R1233zd(Z)/TEGDME system is reduced by 12 °C and the viscosity by about 50%. R1233zd(Z)/TEGDME has strong practical application significance in the absorption heat pump system.
Four β-cyclodextrin/4,4′-diphenylmethane diisocyanate/polyethylene glycol (β-CD/MDI/PEG) crosslinking copolymers with different crosslinking density were prepared and characterized as novel polymeric solid–solid phase change materials (SSPCMs) for thermal energy storage . In the SSPCMs, PEG acts as the phase change functional chain and β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) acts as the molecular framework. The results from wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD) and polarizing optical microscopy (POM) show that the synthesized SSPCMs have good crystallization properties and spherocrystal morphology with smaller size than that of PEG. According to the results of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetry (TG) curves, the SSPCMs possess high phase change enthalpies , good reusability , thermal reliability and stability. It is concluded that the crosslinking density of SSPCMs is a crucial factor significantly influenced the free movement and crystallization of PEG segments, and then affects phase transition properties of SSPCMs.
The electrochemical behavior of Co(II) reduction and Co nucleation/growth process on glassy carbon (GC) electrode in 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bisulfate ([EMIM]HSO4) ionic liquid (IL) and ethylene glycol (EG) system is investigated. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) measurements indicate that Co(II) reduction occurs by a one-step process, Co(II) to Co(0), and it is an irreversible reaction. The diffusion coefficient of Co(II) is 2.24 × 10−6 cm2 s−1 at 323 K in the system. Chronoamperometry measurements show that the growth/nucleation process of Co on GC electrode in [EMIM]HSO4-EG is a three-dimensional (3D) progressive nucleation at lower overpotentials and instantaneous nucleation at higher overpotentials under diffusion controlled growth process. These effects of electrodepositing potential, current density and temperature on Co coating thickness are also investigated. The Co coatings are observed by energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and X-ray diffractometer (XRD). SEM micrographs confirm that the Co coatings are relatively loose with a fibrous surface morphology. XRD pattern of the prepared coating reveals the characteristic peak of crystalline Co with a preferred orientation direction and the average size of Co grains is 11 nm. The nanocrystalline Co coating exhibits an excellent catalytic activity and stability for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) in alkaline medium.
In solid-state lithium-ion batteries, composite polymer-ceramic electrolytes (CPEs) of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) and nanosized Li6.4La3Zr1.4Ta0.6O12 (LLZTO) particles combine polymer-like flexibility and processability with significantly enhanced ionic conductivity and electrochemical stability from the ceramic filler, forming a promising electrolyte system. However, the poor interfacial compatibility between LLZTO and PEO leads to inhomogeneous filler distribution during electrolyte preparation, compromising both interfacial stability and discharge capacity in solid-state batteries. To address this, we developed an effective modification approach involving PEG-functionalized LLZTO through ultrasonic-assisted solution processing, followed by composite electrolyte fabrication with PEO. This method significantly improves LLZTO dispersion homogeneity within the polymer matrix. The optimized CPEs demonstrate superior electrochemical performance, including high ionic conductivity (∼1.0 × 10–4 S cm–1 at 25 °C), exceptional electrochemical stability (up to 5.24 V vs Li+/Li), and excellent interfacial compatibility with lithium metal anodes. Consequently, the assembled Li//CPE//LiFePO4 all-solid-state batteries deliver a high initial discharge capacity of 147.1 mAh g–1 and outstanding cycling stability with 99.0% capacity retention after 100 cycles at 0.5C (55 °C).
While polyethylene glycol (PEG) is an extensively utilized pharmaceutical polymer with established biocompatibility and regulatory acceptance, the in vivo pharmacokinetics of its bifunctional derivatives, such as α,ω-dipropionic acid polyethylene glycol (PA-PEG-PA), remain largely unexplored. This study presents the development and validation of a highly sensitive and selective UPLC-MS/MS method for the accurate quantification of PA-PEG 12 -PA in various biological matrices, utilizing a straightforward protein precipitation protocol. After intravenous administration in rats (10 mg/kg), PA-PEG 12 -PA demonstrated rapid clearance (t 1/2 = 3.99 ± 1.06 h). Tissue distribution analysis revealed a pronounced affinity for renal accumulation, with kidney concentrations (16473 ± 881 ng/g at 2 h) substantially surpassing those in the liver and lungs, followed by rapid depletion within 24 h. Excretion studies indicated renal clearance as the dominant pathway, with 55.93 % of the administered dose recovered unchanged in urine over 72 h, while fecal excretion was minimal (1.76 %). This work provides the first comprehensive pharmacokinetic and biodistribution profile of PA-PEG 12 -PA, underscoring its renal-driven clearance and tissue disposition. The findings offer crucial insights for the rational design of PEGylated drug delivery systems, and the robust UPLC-MS/MS assay established herein serves as a valuable tool for characterizing polymeric excipients in biological environments.
The compressed liquid densities of binary mixtures of 1-butanol and diethylene glycol dimethyl ether (diglyme) have been measured over the temperature range from (283 to 363) K and at pressures up to 100 MPa covering the whole mole fraction of x1-butanol = (0, 0.3116, 0.5469, 0.7308, 0.8787, 1). The measurements were carried out using a high-pressure vibrating-tube densimeter with the combined expanded uncertainty (k = 2) of 0.6 kg·m–3. The experimental data were correlated using the modified Tait equation with an absolute average percentage deviation lower than 0.015% for each composition of the mixtures.
Lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO 4 )/polyethylene glycol (PEG)/carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are successfully synthesized by the high-temperature solid-phase. PEG grafted onto CNTs surface by covalent functionalization. During the high-temperature sintering process, PEG/CNTs form the uniform tube- net -like 3D conductive network, significantly improving electron mobility. Beneficial effects of PEG include: (1). The addition of PEG improves the dispersion of CNTs by increasing the number of surface defects and groups. (2). The cracking PEG forms porous carbon layer uniformly coated around LiFePO 4 to improve its electrical conductivity. (3). As a thermoplastic polymer, PEG becomes a binder at sintering temperatures up to around 70 °C, making the CNTs and LiFePO 4 contact more closely. Compared to LiFePO 4 /CNTs, LiFePO 4 /PEG/CNTs has superior electrochemical performance, as evidenced by improving rate performance (LiFePO 4 /PEG/CNTs discharges 113.5 mAh g −1 at 15C, LiFePO 4 /CNTs discharges 71.6 mAh g −1 at 15C) and high rate cycling retention (capacity retention of 96.6% at 5 C after 300 cycles for LiFePO 4 /PEG/CNTs, capacity retention of 90.6% at 5 C after 300 cycles for LiFePO 4 /CNTs). The architecture of the composite conducting network effectively solves the issue of the poor electron migration of LiFePO 4 .
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