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Polyimides (PIs) with single phenyl pendant substitution were prepared based on three diamines containing phenyl pendant group, namely, 2,5-bis(4-aminophenoxy) biphenyl, 2-phenyl-4,4′-diaminodiphenyl ether, and 2,5-diaminobiphenyl (p-PDA), with the dianhydride component of 4,4′-(hexafluoroisopropylidene)diphthalic anhydride (6FDA) and 3,3′,4,4′-biphenyltetracarboxylic dianhydride, respectively. The physical properties of the membranes were examined, including thermal properties, fractional free volume (FFV), solubility, and morphological structures, and were compared with the analogues without phenyl pendant. Gas transport properties of the membranes were investigated and discussed from the viewpoint of structure–property relationship. For 6FDA-derived PI membranes, gas permeability increased as the degree of PI backbone rigidity leveled up. Gas transport properties were not improved by the incorporation of phenyl pendant group for 6FDA type containing ether linkage and marginally improved as compared between PI (6FDA/p-PDA) and PI (6FDA/p-phenylenediamine (PDA)). To increase the phenyl substitution density of 6FDA/PDA-type backbone, a novel diamine bearing two phenyl pendant groups, that is, 2,6-diphenyl-1,4-diaminobenzene (p, p′-PDA) was synthesized, and PI derived from 6FDA and p, p′-PDA was prepared. The gas permeability coefficients of PI (6FDA/p, p′-PDA) were remarkably larger than those of PI (6FDA/p-PDA) and PI (6FDA/PDA).
Efficient chemical warfare agents (CWAs) detection is required to protect people from the CWAs in war and terrorism. In this work, a Pd-doped SnO 2 nanoparticles-based gas sensor was developed to detect a nerve agent simulant named methyl salicylate. The sensing measurements of methyl salicylate under different Pd doping amounts found that the 0.5 at.% Pd-doped SnO 2 exhibited a significant improvement in the detection of methyl salicylate at the ppb (1 ppb = 10 −9 ) level, and the response value to 160 ppb methyl salicylate is 0.72 at 250 °C. Compared with the pure SnO 2 , the response value is increased by 4.5 times, which could be attributed to the influence of the noble metal Pd on the oxygen state and its catalytic effect. In addition, the 0.5 at.% Pd-doped SnO 2 sensor still has an obvious response to 16 ppb methyl salicylate with a response value of 0.13, indicating the lower detection limit of the sensor.
Achieving percolation pathways in a metal-organic framework (MOF)–based mixed matrix membrane (MMM) without compromising its mechanical properties is challenging. We developed phase separated (PS)–MMMs with an interconnected MOF domain running across the whole membrane. Through demixing two immiscible polyimides, the MOF particles were selectively partitioned into one of the preferred polymer domains at over 50 volume % local packing density, leading to a percolated network at only 19 weight % MOF loading. The CO2 permeability of this PS-MMM is 6.6 times that of the pure polymer membrane, while the CO2/N2 and CO2/CH4 selectivity remain largely unchanged. Meanwhile, benefiting from its unique co-continuous morphology, the PS-MMM also exhibited markedly improved membrane ductility compared to the conventional MMM at similar MOF loading. PS-MMMs offer a practical solution to simultaneously achieve high membrane permeability and good mechanical properties.
While non-contact magnetic fields have been widely employed as stimuli for modulating magnetic, electric, and catalytic properties , their direct influence on gas sensing processes remains unexplored. The renaissance of multiferroics , whose surface electric polarization can be magnetically controlled via intrinsic magnetoelectric coupling effect, offers the possibility to manipulate gas sensing properties through magnetic field. Here, we investigated the effect of the external magnetic field on gas sensing performance using the most representative multiferroic material. Our experimental results demonstrate that the Bi 0.92 Dy 0.08 FeO 3 sensors exhibit a non-linear magnetic field-controlled acetone sensing performance. When the Bi 0.92 Dy 0.08 FeO 3 sensor is exposed to a 140 mT magnetic field, its gas response towards 100 ppm acetone rises from 12.7 to 20.3, reaching a 60 % increase. The response time decreases from 53 to 41 s, corresponding to a 113 % increase in reaction rate constant. These improvements are attributed to the magnetoelectric coupling effect, which induces surface uncompensated polarization and enhances domain conductivity, thereby promoting surface oxygen chemisorption and charge carrier transport. Our findings not only advance the fundamental understanding of magnetically tunable gas sensors but also broaden the potential applications of multiferroic materials.
In this work, WO 3 nanosheets are synthesized successfully through the hydrothermal method . Ru is thereafter efficiently loaded on the surface of WO 3 using the ethylene glycol-assisted solvothermal method. The gas sensing test shows that 0.5 wt% Ru-WO 3 exhibits the best performance towards xylene detection. Compared with the pure WO 3 sensor, the gas response of the sensor based on 0.5 wt% Ru-WO 3 in 100 ppm xylene increases from 11 to 73, and the operating temperature decreases from 375 °C to 280 °C. And an ultra-low detection limit of 25 ppb is obtained. In addition, the gas sensing performance of the Ru-loaded WO 3 sensor is much better than that of Au, Pt and Pd-loaded WO 3 sensors. The enhanced gas sensing performance can be attributed to the catalytic overflow of Ru and the formation of heterojunction between RuO 2 and WO 3. It is expected that this finding gives rise to further efforts on efficient and low-cost xylene sensors that are based on Ru-loaded WO 3 .
Chiral-rotating gas sensing structures composed of chemiresistive-sensitized SiCuOC have been presented to provide a facile method for reducing the thermal expansion of gas sensors working at high temperatures. The structures can disperse thermal stress by heat-induced torsion of their units while maintaining the dimensional stability of the integral construction. Vat photopolymerization constructed Cu-doped SiOC substrates with a high resolution, while Ag-doped CuO nanoclusters further modified them. Taking advantage of the synergistic sensitization effect of the substrate and the surface sensing layer, the structure exhibited a high response/recovery speed (24/32 s) and a response value of 54.45% to 100 ppm acetone; 97.19% of its initial response was maintained after a long-term detection. The thermal expansion coefficient of the sensing structure reached 1.04 × 10–6/K at the working temperature, revealing a near-zero expansion. Compressive strength and Young’s modulus of the structures were 31.93 MPa and 3.38 GPa, respectively. Meanwhile, the structures realized regular gas detection under pressure (85.02 kPa) and thermal (325 °C) loading, as their high deformation resistance protected the integrity and connection of the surface sensing layer. Thus, the work proved the dimensional stabilization effect of chemiresistive sensing structures with chiral-rotating design, realizing stable gas detection in complex loading environments.
Metal oxide-based gas sensors have drawn tremendous research interests owing to their various compositions and selective and improved performance. However, the development of a targeted metal oxide with controlled microstructures via a facile preparation procedure is still a challenge. In this work, hierarchical BiFeO3 nano-microstructures are successfully developed through the post-modification of Bi3+ encapsulation with Fe-based Prussian blue microcubes followed by a sequential annealing strategy. The microstructures of the hierarchical BiFeO3 architectures can be effectively modulated by tuning various thermolysis temperatures. Among them, the hierarchical hollow BiFeO3 microcubes assembled from ultrathin nanosheets exhibit optimum acetone selective sensing performances with a gas response value (Ra/Rg) of 5.2 at 240 °C, rapid response/recovery times (10 s/9 s), and excellent long-term stability (for at least 30 days). The high and reproducible acetone-sensing properties are mainly attributed to the unique interior loose and porous structures with good permeability. The corresponding acetone sensing mechanism relying on the microstructure of BiFeO3 was also discussed. This work highlights the key role of morphological evolution in the fabrication of multi-functional multimetal oxides, and thus offers new opportunities for the rational design of novel gas sensing materials.
Tin disulfide (SnS 2 ), is an emerging two-dimensional metal sulfide material with high electronegativity and suitable bandgap, making it a promising candidate for NO 2 sensors. In this study, SnS 2 thin sections with different exposed crystal planes were prepared from two different sulfur sources, and the effects of crystal sections on the growth of SnS 2 and its NO 2 sensing performance were studied. SnS 2 micro sheets with (1 0 1) exposed crystal plane (SnS 2 -M) showed a smaller specific surface area than SnS 2 nano sheets with (1 0 0) exposed crystal plane (SnS 2 -N). However, the crystal structure grown along the (1 0 1) plane direction provides a more favorable pathway for NO 2 molecules, enhancing gas molecule adsorption and desorption, and exhibiting excellent performance in terms of sensitivity, repeatability, and response time. The gas sensing performance is not only influenced by the specific surface area but also significantly differs due to the exposure of different crystal planes. This result provides a certain reference value for the preparation of SnS 2 with different crystal plane orientations for enhanced NO 2 sensing.
Microplastics (MPs) are widely distributed in the environment, posing significant threats to both ecosystems and human health, and have become a globally recognized pollution issue. In this study, we utilized 11-Mercaptoundecanoic acid (MUDA)-modified gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) to construct a surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) substrate for MPs detection. This substrate was designed at the gas–liquid interface (GLI), with AuNPs enveloping MPs at the interface, enabling in-situ detection of MPs. This approach achieved trace detection of three types of MPs-polystyrene, polyethylene terephthalate, and polycarbonate-with detection limits of 0.02620 μg mL −1 , 0.3276 μg mL −1 , and 0.2060 μg mL −1 , respectively. Additionally, polystyrene particles were dissolved as dispersed molecules in trichloromethane, eliminating the impact of the sizes of MPs, achieving a detection limit of 0.0952 μg mL −1 . To validate the practicality of this detection method, the recovery rates of seawater samples at different spiked concentrations ranged from 96.46 % to 101.52 %. The GLI SERS substrate exhibits higher sensitivity, offering increased possibilities for trace detection of MPs in aquatic environments.
In the automotive industry, improper handling and excessively high temperatures can lead to the failure of lithium-ion batteries. Early failure of lithium batteries can produce trace amounts of gases, such as carbon monoxide (CO) and carbon dioxide (CO2). In this study, hollow spherical nickel oxide (NiO) was prepared using a carbon sphere template method and then combined with Ti3C2Tx (MXene). Most of the NiO hollow spheres had a diameter of about 700 nm. By variation of the ratio of MXene, a carbon monoxide sensor was fabricated, enabling the detection of CO at room temperature. The surface morphology and elemental composition of the materials were analyzed. Experimental and characterization results show that the NiO/MXene composite exhibits faster response/recovery times, higher sensitivity, and better selectivity to CO. The response time of NiO/MXene to 400 ppm of CO is only 8 s, and the recovery time is 16 s. The sensor’s sensitization mechanism was explained through first-principles calculations. This sensor can be applied in lithium battery status monitoring and fault warning systems.
This paper presents a novel high sensitivity microwave sensor for low-concentration acetone gas detection. The electrically coupled resonator loaded with an interdigital capacitor (ECR-IDC) structure is the sensing area, with a maximum electric field strength of 3.71 × 10 5 V/m. The SnO 2 -MXene nanocomposites with different MXene doping ratios were prepared using an ultrasound-assisted dispersion method, which significantly changed the conductivity of the gas-sensitive material. Experimental results revealed that the developed sensor exhibited a high sensitivity of 51.7 mdB/ppm and excellent linearity in the detection range of 1-20 ppm, attributed the heterojunction like structure of the SnO 2 -MXene nanocomposites. The introduction of MXene induced a decrease in conductivity, which is beneficial for microwave sensing, and simultaneously increased the active sites of the composite for acetone binding, finally improving the sensitivity of the microwave sensors. The demonstrated high performance of the developed sensor validates its potential in breath analysis, towards future applications in designing novel healthcare devices.
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