Small
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2025
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IF 12.1
Ming Li,Xiongwei Gong,Yilong Hu,Yi Shuai,Yunong Zhou,Mingliang Wu,Xiaoyi Huangyang,Jinqi Huang,Yingpeng Wu
Due to the abundant availability of Na resources, Na batteries garner significant attention. Anode-free Na batteries, devoid of active negative materials, are deemed promising candidates for the next generation of high-energy-density Na batteries. The cyclic stability of anode-free Na batteries primarily hinges on the stability of the limited Na supplied by the cathode, and the design of the anode substrate plays a pivotal role. In this study, a cost-effective aluminum–tin eutectic alloy substrate is developed using a straightforward melting process. In eutectic alloy, tin element is present in its metallic form, which facilitates the disruption of the compactness of the Passivation film (Al 2 O 3 ). Besides, tin metal and tin dioxide on the surface of the eutectic alloy show a strong Na affinity (strong binding energy with Na atom and lower Na nucleation barrier), thereby promoting the uniform nucleation of sodium. This eutectic alloy substrate enables highly reversible Na plating/stripping with an average coulombic efficiency of 99.97%, and the cycle life exceeds 4000 cycles. Coupling with Na 3 V 2 (PO 4 ) 3 , the AlSn-2%-NVP full cell exhibits a capacity retention of up to 81% after 100 cycles, significantly outperforming coated carbon aluminum foils and aluminum foils. This study introduces an efficient approach to the anode-free Na battery.
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Micromachines
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2025
·Vol. 17
·期 1
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IF 3
Xiaofei Liu,Tianren Liu,Kaixin Su,Jingxin Lei,Yuanfu Chen,Yuan Chen,Dongxu Yang
As metal-containing resists attract increasing research interest in high-resolution lithography, gaining insights into the photochemical mechanisms, particularly in relation to the ligand functionality, is actively demanded. In this work, a controlled pair of organotin carboxylates with analogous structures but different functional groups has been designed and synthesized as deep-ultraviolet (DUV) resists. Both resists demonstrate 90 nm half-pitch resolution and the capability of pattern transfer on carbon-based hard-mask layers. Through various characterizations and comparison of the controlled pair, we propose two competitive reaction paths for the organotin system with olefin groups, which regulate the lithographic sensitivity and dissolution contrast. Our findings highlight the structural adjustability of organotin carboxylates and their potential application as high-resolution and etch-durable DUV resists.
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Cell Reports Physical Science
·
2025
·
IF 7.3
Run Li,Fan Lan,Aike Xi,Di Gao,Yunrui Li,Ya Huang,Siming Zhao,Yilin Ding,Yanlong Zhao,Rufan Zhang
As an energy-efficient technology, electrochromic devices (ECDs) represent a promising solution for smart windows in buildings and vehicles. However, conventional all-solid-state ECDs suffer from sluggish ion diffusion. Here, we propose a high-performance all-solid-state ECD enabled by a rapid H + transfer pathway. A solid-state polyaniline (PANI) interface serves as an efficient H + reservoir, replacing Li + ions to drive electrochromism in Prussian blue (PB). By integrating a sodium-ion-conducting solid polymer electrolyte (SPE) above PANI, H + ions are selectively pumped into PB via an ion exchange mechanism. The PANI network also stabilizes PB’s framework by preventing anion/solvent intercalation. The optimized ECDs exhibit exceptional performance: fast switching speeds (1.2 s coloration, 3.0 s bleaching), high optical modulation (72.5% at 600 nm), and robust cycling stability (>5,000 cycles with <10% decay). Furthermore, large-area flexible ECDs (20 × 30 cm 2 , ∼0.4 mm thickness) are demonstrated, highlighting their potential as replaceable smart films for energy-efficient buildings and vehicles.
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JOURNAL OF ALLOYS AND COMPOUNDS
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2025
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IF 6.3
Jiawei Lu,Liyuan Chai,Xiaobo Min,Yong Ke,Yun Li,Yunyan Wang,Xin Wang,Yiming Liu,Cong Peng
The synergistic and enhanced bath smelting of primary ores with secondary resources is a key strategy to address the paradox of resource scarcity and recycling of secondary resources in zinc metallurgy. However, due to the high melting temperature of high zinc slags (Zn > 25 %), bath smelting below 1250 °C has not yet been practically implemented. This study proposes a new approach for reducing the melting temperature of high zinc slags by tailoring slag composition and co-smelting secondary resources to promote synergistic melting. The melting properties and regulation mechanisms of high zinc slags were systematically investigated through FactSage thermodynamic calculations, in-situ observation using an ash fusion temperatures auto detecting system, and quenching experiments. The results reveal that CaO/SiO₂ and FeO/SiO₂ mass ratio are the primary factors influencing the melting temperature. Excessively high or low CaO/SiO₂ and FeO/SiO₂ promote the formation of high melting point phases such as zincite, spinel, willemite and melilite, thereby increasing the melting temperature. Components from secondary resources, such as B₂O₃, Na₂O and Cu₂O, can significantly reduce the content of high melting point phase in the melting process, and reduce the melting temperature, while MgO, Cr₂O₃, etc., have the opposite effect. The melting temperature of co-smelting high zinc slag with 15 % sludge and 4 % borax was reduced over 125 °C. In industrial pilot-scale trial exceeding 20 tons, the flow temperature of high zinc slag containing 27.08 % zinc was 1118 °C. This study establishes technical foundations for low-energy and clean co-smelting of secondary resources with primary ores.
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Journal of Materials Research and Technology-JMR&T
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2025
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IF 6.6
Bingqin Wang,Yadi Zhao,Ruichao Yan,Liangan Liu,Xuequn Cheng,Luntao Wang,Zhong Li,Chao Liu,Dawei Zhang,Xiaogang Li
In this study, 45 steel was taken as the research object, and a tin-iron alloy layer was prepared on its surface via a thermal diffusion tinning process. Combined with a series of characterization methods, the microstructure and element distribution of the thermal diffusion layer were systematically analyzed. Additionally, through cyclic immersion tests, electrochemical measurements, and outdoor exposure tests in marine atmosphere, the effects of thermal diffusion temperature and tin content in the diffusion agent on the structure and corrosion resistance of the thermal diffusion layer were systematically investigated. The results show that thermal diffusion tinning can form an alloy layer dominated by FeSn2 on the surface of 45 steel. Moreover, the higher the thermal diffusion temperature and the greater the tin content in the diffusion agent, the larger the thickness (up to 15 μm) and the better the compactness of the alloy layer. The corrosion resistance of the tinned steel is significantly better than that of 45 steel, and it is further improved with the increase of thermal diffusion temperature, tin content, and extension of thermal diffusion time. Among them, the tinned steel prepared under the thermal diffusion process of 80%-280°C-4h exhibits a corrosion current density of 4.027 μA · cm -2 , which is only 1/400 of that of 45 steel (12.095 μA · cm -2 ), and demonstrates the latest corrosion initiation and slowest development rate in marine atmospheric exposure. The key factors contributing to the improved corrosion resistance are the stable structure of FeSn 2 intermetallic compounds in the thermal diffusion layer, the physical barrier effect of the dense alloy layer, and the protective rust layer formed during the corrosion process.
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Nature Communications
·
2025
·
IF 15.7
Liu Tao,Sun Youlong,Wang Yantao,Zhang Shu,Zhang Yuchen,Dong Shanmu,Wang Jinzhi,Li Chuanchuan,Hu Lei,Xue Weijiang,Ju Jiangwei,Ma Jun,Tang Bo,Cui Guanglei
All-solid-state lithium batteries for electric vehicles require high specific power, challenged in thick negative electrodes by fragile conducting networks during volume changes and dendrite growth at high currents. We propose an In 0.38 Sn 0.33 Bi 0.29 ternary alloy negative electrode creating a mixed ionic-electronic conducting continuum that overcomes these limitations. The stepwise formation of multiple phases with sufficient mechanical robustness during Li-alloying effectively stabilizes the ionic and electronic conducting percolation by relieving stress concentration and minimizing crack propagation. The unique reversibility of the multiple phase changes during lithiation/delithiation ensures stable cycling performance. The In 0.38 Sn 0.33 Bi 0.29 negative electrode exhibits a high capacity of ~ 724 mAh g −1 and a critical current density of 150 mA cm −2 at 5.0 mAh cm –2 . The In 0.38 Sn 0.33 Bi 0.29 | |LiCoO 2 full cell with industry-level mass loading (6.49 mAh cm –2 ) can retain 87.5% capacity over 1300 cycles at 4.0 C, delivering a jellyroll specific energy of 203.1 Wh kg −1 and 670.6 Wh L −1 at 5.0 C. The fast-charging capability is further validated by large-format pouch cells. The design principles can be extended to other negative electrode designs for solid-state batteries.
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Journal of the American Chemical Society
·
2025
·
IF 15.6
Meng Lei,Decheng Li,Keyi Chen,Zhe Han,Guyue Li,Xianhui Nie,Jingxian Zhang,Chilin Li
Due to the ultrahigh theoretical energy density, no dendrite issue, and abundant resources, fluoride ion batteries (FIBs) have received a lot of attention. Regarding the issue of dissolving inorganic salt CsF in aprotic organic solvents, some anion acceptor (AA) strategies have been proposed. However, the strong binding force greatly constrains F– ion desolvation, resulting in short lifespan, low specific capacity, and poor reversibility of FIBs. Herein, we propose a concept of steric hindrance-driven closed-loop acceptor to address these problems, by using tetraphenylphosphonium chloride (Ph4PCl) with appropriate Lewis acidity to dissolve CsF and prepare a dynamic fluoride ion electrolyte based on the F–Cl exchange reaction, with a high ionic conductivity of 4.1 mS/cm at room temperature. The steric hindrance effects of chlorine and phenyl can accelerate the desolvation kinetics of F– ions. The excellent kinetics of the Ph4PCl-based electrolyte endows FIBs with long-term cycling stability, and the Sn@SnF2 symmetric cells can cycle for 500 h at 100 μA/cm2 and tolerate a critical current density as high as 1250 μA/cm2. Due to the potential dissociation ability of five-coordinated acceptor central phosphorus for fluorides and the closed-loop conversion effect of chlorine, the fluorination and defluorination reaction proceeds in a dissolution-deposition mode. The CuF2//Sn@SnF2 cell (under a high cathode loading of 4.2 mg/cm2) exhibits the highest reversible capacity up to 717.7 mAh/g and remains 316 mAh/g after 65 cycles with a small voltage polarization of only 11 mV. This work points out the novel design concept of AAs for developing high capacity and long lifespan FIBs.
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ACS Applied Energy Materials
·
2025
·
IF 5.5
Chao Wu,Xin Miao,Aojie Zhang,Mingxing Guo,Jianxiang Lin,Anjun Jin,Wenhao Fan,Shaoping Chen
Despite the excellent thermoelectric properties of Te, the element diffusion and reaction at the interface with the metal electrodes introduce a large contact resistivity (ρc), significantly reducing the conversion efficiency (η) of the device. Therefore, suitable barrier layers are being sought to optimize the connection between Te and metal electrodes. In this study, a Sn–Te alloy barrier layer is reported based on interfacial reaction. The results indicate that there is no reaction layer or microscopic defects at the interface of the SnTe/Te0.985Sb0.015 device. Additionally, the η of the single-leg device is approximately 4.7% at a temperature difference of 230 K. Notably, this ηmax is 100% higher than that of the Ni/Te0.985Sb0.015/Ni device. Meanwhile, the interface exhibits good thermal stability, with no significant changes observed in ρc, η, and interface microstructure after aging at 523 K for 18 days. This work provides valuable insights into optimizing the interface between thermoelectric materials and metal electrodes, which could lead to the development of more efficient and stable thermoelectric devices.
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JOURNAL OF ALLOYS AND COMPOUNDS
·
2025
·
IF 6.3
Shoja Mirzaei,Fatemeh Ghamari,Jalal Arjomandi,Rahim Mohammad Rezaei
Twelve lead-based alloys (labels A 1 -A 12 ) were systematically fabricated by introduction of different elements including Sb, Sn, Al, Ca, Na and Ba metals (W%). Their corrosion behavior was studied using weight-loss measurements, OCP, potentiodynamic polarization, and EIS at various temperatures between 20 and 70°C. Microstructural and compositional analyses of lead alloys were performed by FE-SEM, mapping, and EDX. To investigate the effect of the surface morphological features on corrosion resistance of alloy electrodes, the surface morphological and statistical, watershed algorithm, and fractal studies were performed using FE-SEM analysis. The result show that, the distinct morphology of the label A 5 (Pb 97.25 , Al 0.11 , Ca 0.17 , Sn 2.47 ) alloy electrode provides a lower contact area at interface of electrode/electrolyte, originating from smooth surface with minimum roughness and porosity, with more well-developed and noncomplicated topography. Accordingly, among the manufactured lead alloys and in 70°C, A 5 exhibited the lowest corrosion current density (<0.02 mA cm⁻²), highest polarization resistance (>590 Ω cm²), and most coherent SnO 2 -rich passive layer, resulting in a minimal weight-loss rate. By adding the Sn element into the lead alloy, the reduction of alloy corrosion occurs by the formation of SnO 2 in A 5 alloy. Sn element in A 5 reduces slope of cathodic and anodic lines and shifts corrosion potential towards positive values resulting better corrosion resistance. Sn presence in A 5 alloy, compared to other alloys, has increased surface chemical stability, improved oxidation resistance, and reduced rate of redox reactions in 70°C. These findings demonstrate the critical synergy of Sn with minor alloying elements in enhancing high-temperature corrosion resistance in lead-acid battery applications.
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ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces
·
2025
·
IF 8.2
Xiaowei Wu,Hong Wu,Jie Liu,Sikang Zheng,Qihong Xiong,Kaiqi Zhang,Hanjun Zou,Guiwen Wang,Guang Han,Guoyu Wang,Xu Lu,Bin Zhang,Xiaoyuan Zhou
SnSe-based compounds, as promising thermoelectric materials, are well-known for their intrinsically low thermal conductivity and outstanding thermoelectric performance. However, the suboptimal electrical transport capacity for n-type polycrystalline SnSe significantly hinders the improvement of its thermoelectric performance. In this work, an effective approach for enhancing the thermoelectric performance of n-type SnSe polycrystalline materials through ZnCl2 doping has been investigated. The enhanced density of state effective mass, which is related to the introduction of an impurity level and the facilitation of multivalley degeneracy after ZnCl2 doping, can significantly improve the electrical transport coefficient. Additionally, multiple defects caused by ZnCl2 doping, such as multiscale precipitates, amorphous tin chloride, and twin boundaries, effectively decrease the lattice thermal conductivity, leading to a subsequently enhanced quality factor. As a result, the SnSe0.95–2%ZnCl2 sample achieves a maximum zT of ∼1.3 at 873 K parallel to the pressing direction, being 4 orders higher than that of the pristine SnSe0.95 sample and better than that of most other halide-doped SnSe samples. This study presents a cost-effective and environmentally friendly strategy for improving the thermoelectric properties of n-type polycrystalline SnSe.
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高影响因子
MATERIALS TECHNOLOGY
·
2025
·
IF 3.7
Dan Jin,Song Wu,Linyang Dai,Ling Li
The high recurrence and metastasis rates of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) necessitate novel therapeutic strategies. Although chemotherapy is widely used, it often leads to systemic toxicity and acute kidney injury (AKI). This study developed a near-infrared (NIR)-responsive two-dimensional black phosphorus (BP) nanosheet drug delivery system loaded with doxorubicin (DOX) for photothermal therapy (PTT) of RCC, aiming to reduce nephrotoxicity. BP nanosheets exhibit excellent photothermal conversion efficiency under NIR irradiation, enabling localized hyperthermia for tumor ablation and triggering DOX release. Both in vitro and in vivo experiments demonstrated that BP-DOX induces apoptosis in RCC cells and suppresses tumor growth upon NIR irradiation. This study further revealed that this nanocomposite alleviates oxidative stress and inflammation in renal tissues, thereby preserving renal function. This work highlights the potential of the BP nanoplatform for synergistic chemotherapy–photothermal therapy in RCC while mitigating kidney damage, offering a new approach to overcome chemotherapy-related complications.
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JOURNAL OF ALLOYS AND COMPOUNDS
·
2025
·
IF 6.3
Yu Fang,Zheng Tang Cai,Ze Wei Zhu,Jia Hao Ma,Hong Kai Cai,Han Li
SnTe has attracted significant attention as a promising thermoelectric material due to its favorable band structure and low cost. However, its high intrinsic hole concentration and thermal conductivity still hinder further performance enhancement. In this study, a series of Sn 2.9-x W x Te 2.9 –(In 2 Te 3 ) 0.03 –(Cu 2 Te) 0.18 (x = 0, 0.03, 0.06, 0.09, 0.12, 0.15) composites were synthesized by incorporating in-situ formed In 2 Te 3 and Cu 2 Te nanophases along with W doping. Structural and microstructural analyses confirmed the formation of uniformly distributed nanoinclusions (10–20 nm) and homogeneous elemental distribution. W doping effectively suppressed intrinsic Sn vacancies and induced valence band convergence, while the introduction of In created resonant states. These synergistic effects significantly enhanced the Seebeck coefficient. Moreover, multiscale phonon scattering arising from nanophases, dislocations, and lattice distortions greatly reduced the lattice thermal conductivity. The sample with x = 0.09 exhibited a maximum power factor of 25.98 μW·cm −1 ·K −2 , while the sample with x = 0.12 achieved a minimum lattice thermal conductivity of 0.406 W·m −1 ·K −1 . As a result, the optimized composition reached a peak ZT of 1.23 and an average ZT of 0.44 at 823 K, representing improvements of approximately 209 % and 215 % over pristine SnTe, respectively. These results place the material among the top-performing SnTe-based thermoelectric systems reported to date.
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