Materials Today Communications
·
2025
·
IF 4.5
Xishun Qiu,Chao Wu,Yifan Wang,JiaZhao Li,Chang Dai,Bowen Han,Jinhu Hu,Longqiang Liang,Mingliang Ma,Ye-Tang Pan
Polyurea, an environmentally friendly coating with no volatile solvents, is widely applied in construction waterproofing, marine anti-corrosion, and automotive coatings due to its excellent properties. However, its inherent flammability and release of substantial heat and toxic smoke limit its use in high-safety fields. To overcome the limitations of traditional ammonium polyphosphate (APP) flame retardants, this study introduces a biomimetic interface engineering strategy inspired by the rough structures of natural pollen. A multilayered core-shell APP@MOF@MoS 2 composite was constructed by sequential deposition of CoZn-MOF and hydrothermal growth of MoS 2 on APP particles. Incorporating only 4 wt% APP@MOF@MoS 2 into polyurea significantly reduced the peak heat release rate, peak smoke production rate, total heat release, total smoke production, and peak CO 2 production by 48.05%, 51.41%, 41.58%, 64.91%, and 63.04%, respectively. The composite achieved UL-94 V-0 rating and a limiting oxygen index of 23.5%. The enhanced flame retardancy is attributed to the combined effects of MoS 2 barrier formation, phosphate radical trapping, and catalytic carbonization by Co, Zn, and Mo. Moreover, the core-shell structure and size mismatch improved compatibility and mechanical properties compared to APP alone. This work provides a new biomimetic strategy for developing polyurea composites with superior flame retardancy, smoke suppression, and mechanical performance.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
化学工程
·
纳米技术
·
高分子科学
·
消防安全工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
JOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE
·
2023
·Vol. 140
·期 23
·e53941
·
IF 3
Ping Li,Lijuan Li,Lianmin Ji,Li Dang,Shengjie Lan,Donghai Zhu
To improve the fire safety of epoxy resins (EP), a composite with magnesium hydroxide loaded zinc borate (MH@ZBO) was obtained using a heterogeneous deposition method, and then 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APES) was grafted onto the surface of MH@ZBO to produce an organic–inorganic hybrid (MH@ZBO-APES). Subsequently, the EP composite with added MH@ZBO-APES was prepared and its thermal properties and fire safety were evaluated. The results showed that the glass transition temperatures of the EP/MH@30ZBO-10APES composite are improved, and the maximum thermal decomposition rate decreased, and the samples exhibited favorable thermal stability and flame-retarding performance (flame retardancy index: 2.40; LOI: 33%). The enhanced fire safety was a result of two factors. On one hand, the endothermic decomposition of MH and ZBO and the physical barrier of their decomposition products, the catalytic carbonization function of ZBO, the synergistic flame retardation of APES, and its improvement in dispersion to form a denser carbon layer, which plays a role in fire retardation and smoke suppression in the condensed phase. On the other hand, water vapor produced by the decomposition of MH and ZBO, as well as incombustible gas produced by the degradation of APES, are vital in the gas phase.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
高分子化学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
POLYMER DEGRADATION AND STABILITY
·
2024
·
IF 6.3
Hengliang Cui,Xiaolin Zhang,Weilin Liu,Yan Jiang,Na Wang,Huanyu Zhao
Waterborne epoxy resin (WER) coatings have attracted more and more attention because of their excellent physical and chemical properties, however, WER's flammability and high insulation limit its application. In this paper, polyaniline (PANI) doped with four different acids (sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, citric acid and amino trimethylene phosphonic acid) was used as the shell material to coat ammonium polyphosphate (APP), and a series of multifunctional WER fillers (PANI acids /APP) integrating flame retardant, smoke suppression and antistatic properties were prepared. Then, the PANI acids /APP was compounded with WER to prepare a functional WER coating. The structures and morphologies of the PANI acids /APP fillers were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS), the results showed that acids doping could promote the formation of polyaniline coating on the surface of APP , and the PANI acids /APP filler doped by amino trimethylene phosphonic acid (ATMP) exhibits the best coating effect. Furthermore, the effects of PANI acids /APP fillers on the flame retardant property, smoke suppression property, electrical property and adhesion property of waterborne epoxy resins were explored. The results indicated that the carbon residue of WER coatings with PANI acids /APP fillers at 800 °C could reach 24.1 %-29.6 %, among which ATMP doping group has a residual carbon of 27.3 %. Also, the WER coating containing PANI ATMP /APP filler possesses the best comprehensive performance, the coating has a limiting oxygen index of 31.7 % and passed V-0 level in the vertical burning test (UL-94). Compared with pure EP coating, the peak heat release rate of the PANI ATMP /APP modified coating decreased by 78.1 % and the total heat release decreased by 37.8 %. Additionally, the surface resistance and adhesive force of the PANI ATMP /APP modified coating reached 3.14×10 6 Ω and 11.8 MPa, respectively, which could meet the usage needs of anti-static application of the WER coatings.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
化学工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING MATERIALS
·
2025
·
IF 8
Gang Tang,Zhen Zhang,Rui Wang,Zicheng Xu,Mengfan Guan,Dan Deng,Shenghua Wu,Kang Dai,Xiuyu Liu
With the continuous growth in demand for flame-retardant materials in the construction and insulation industries, flame-retardant modification of rigid polyurethane foam (RPUFs) has become critical for their safe application in scenarios such as building energy conservation, cold chain refrigeration, and pipeline insulation. However, the high loading levels of traditional flame retardants often result in reduced mechanical strength and/or increased thermal conductivity of RPUFs. To address this issue, this study aims to enhance the flame retardancy, smoke suppression performance, mechanical strength, and thermal insulation properties of RPUFs by synthesizing an organic flame retardant additive containing phosphorus and silicon (PSiFR) and blending it with diatomaceous earth into RPUFs, leveraging the synergistic effects of the two materials. The optimal formulation is RPUFs containing 9.6 wt% PSiFR and 0.4 wt% diatomaceous earth (RPUF-3). Specifically, the peak heat release rate, total heat release, and total smoke generation of RPUF-3 are 47.2 %, 40.6 %, and 27.0 % lower than those of unmodified RPUFs, respectively. Compared with the compressive strength of unmodified RPUF (6.12kN·m/kg), the compressive strength of RPUF-3 is increased to 6.72 kN·m/kg. And also, its thermal conductivity (0.044 W/(m·K)) shows a downward trend compared with that of unmodified RPUF (0.044 W/(m·K)). The synergistic addition of PSiFR and diatomite successfully achieved simultaneous improvements in the flame retardancy, smoke suppression capability, mechanical strength, and thermal insulation performance of RPUF. This method provides an efficient and feasible modification strategy for fields such as building energy conservation and cold chain refrigeration.
研究领域:
高分子材料科学
·
阻燃材料
·
建筑材料
·
热功能材料
·
复合材料
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
JOURNAL OF COLLOID AND INTERFACE SCIENCE
·
2022
·
IF 9.965
Pingfan Xu,Yaofa Luo,Peikun Zhang
Polyurethane (PU) composites integrated with outstanding fire retardancy, smoke suppression as well as ameliorated mechanical property is attractive, but remains a challenge. Here, we demonstrate the interfacial architecting of organic–inorganic hybrid (ACAPP) by reacting renewable chitooligosaccharide (COS) with ammonium polyphosphate (APP) and ammonium octamolybdate (AOM) via a one-pot, facile and eco-friendly approach. The ACAPP with multiple hydroxyl groups shows good compatibility and strong interfacial adhesion force with PU matrix due to the abundant covalent cross-linking points and hydrogen bonds networks. The incorporation of 15 wt% ACAPP enables the resultant PU composite to achieve a V-0 rating, a limiting oxygen index of 26.1%, 31.1% and 44.8% reduction in total heat release and total smoke production, respectively, far outdistancing conventional APP. The suppressed fire hazards mainly benefits from the synergy catalytic carbonization effect of ACAPP in condensed phase. Moreover, ACAPP reinforces the tensile strength of PU whilst retaining the decent ultimate elongation. This work may offer a referable exemplification for constructing green flame-retardant to balance high fire safety and mechanical properties.
研究领域:
高分子材料科学
·
阻燃化学
·
复合材料工程
·
绿色化学
·
材料界面科学
✓ 已验证
DOI
高影响因子
RSC Advances
·
2016
·Vol. 6
·期 53
·48189-48198
·
IF 3.289
Wenzong Xu,Shaoqing Wang,Aijiao Li,Xiaoling Wang
A novel flame retardant containing both phosphorus and silicon elements, composed of aminopropyltriethoxysilane grafted/tripolyphosphate intercalated ZnAl LDHs (A-LDHs), was synthesized by anion exchange and IHS (induced hydrolysis silylation) method, and characterized by XRD, FTIR, XPS, and TG. After being added into a PUE matrix, A-LDHs could exfoliate and disperse randomly in the matrix while the composites containing pristine LDHs (N-LDHs) still preserved the stacking lamellar structure. Moreover, T5, T10, T50 and Tmax of the composites containing A-LDHs were higher than those of PUE/LDHs composites containing N-LDHs, resulting from the good dispersion of A-LDHs. And A-LDHs performed better in the flame retardancy and smoke suppression of PUE than N-LDHs. Furthermore, the mechanism was investigated through the analysis of the condensed phase after cone calorimetry tests via LRS, FTIR and XPS. The findings showed that the improved flame retardancy and smoke suppression might originate from a more stable char layer due to the introduction of P and Si elements.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
化学工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
PROGRESS IN ORGANIC COATINGS
·
2025
·
IF 7.3
Shenghua Yang,Jinming Guo,Hongyu Yuan,Haixia Xiao,Xiaming Feng,Hongyu Yang,Cheng Yan,Wei Cai
Intumescent flame-retardant (IFR) systems are attractive alternatives to conventional halogenated flame retardants due to their halogen-free composition, efficiently reduced heat release, and low toxicity generation. Herein, a nitrogen–boron (N B) dual-element flame retardant, melamine borate (MB), was synthesized and subsequently incorporated into a UV-curable resin based on bis(2-methacryloxyethyl) phosphate to construct a ternary synergistic N/P/B IFR coating system. The structure, thermal stability, and flame-retardant properties of the resulting coatings were systematically investigated by various techniques and combustion tests. Increasing MB content raised the glass transition temperature (T g ), indicating enhanced network compactness and stability. The coating containing only 4 wt% MB achieved a UL-94 V -0 rating and exhibited a 56.35 % reduction in total smoke production (TSP), along with significantly improved thermal stability in terms of decomposition temperature and char residue. The synergistic contributions of phosphorus, nitrogen, and boron promote catalytic charring, gas release, and glass-phase reinforcement, leading to the formation of a dense, stable char barrier. This eco-friendly ternary IFR system overcomes the high loading requirements and toxicity concerns of conventional flame retardants, providing a promising strategy for the efficient and sustainable flame-retardant modification of polymeric coatings.
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
ChemistrySelect
·
2025
·Vol. 10
·期 32
·e01416
·
IF 2
Beibei Sun,Qiuyan Bi,Rujie Li,Jie Xu,Wanji Zhou,Shiai Xu
Graphical The graphical abstract illustrates that incorporating a synergistic system of AMC, MH, and ATH significantly enhances the flame retardancy and smoke suppression of SPVC. Unmodified SPVC shows intense burning and heavy smoke, while the ternary system reduces flame intensity and smoke release through endothermic decomposition, gas dilution, and protective char formation. The use of inorganic fillers to enhance the flame retardant properties of soft polyvinyl chloride (SPVC) often results in a trade-off with mechanical properties due to the relatively high filler content and inadequate dispersion within the polymer matrix. In this study, the combined synergistic effects of different inorganic flame retardants were explored to improve both flame retardancy and mechanical performance of SPVC simultaneously. First, the impact of anhydrous magnesium carbonate (AMC) content on the flame retardant and mechanical performance of SPVC was investigated. Results indicated that 60AMC/SPVC composites achieved the limiting oxygen index of 28.00% and a UL-94 rating of V-0. Additionally, the peak heat release rate showed a marked reduction of 38.75%, and the peak smoke production rate was reduced to 0.037 m 2 /s compared to SPVC. Second, the combined impacts of compound magnesium hydroxide, aluminum trihydrate, and AMC on flame retardancy and mechanical performance were investigated. The results demonstrated that compound SPVC composites exhibited a residual carbon content of 26.68%, approximately 1.5 times that of SPVC as magnesium hydroxide (MH), aluminum hydroxide (ATH), and AMC were added in equal proportions (1:1:1). The strategic use of inorganic fillers offers a straightforward and efficient approach for industrially preparing flame retardant SPVC composites.
研究领域:
高分子科学
·
材料工程
·
消防安全工程
·
化学工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
Silicon
·
2023
·Vol. 15
·期 11
·5001-5011
·
IF 3.4
Song Jianan,Zhang Xi,Wang Jiaqi,Sun Ji,Shi Anjun
Based on the requirements of fire-resistant performance of silicone rubber (SR) composites, ceramifiable flame-retarded SR composites were prepared in this work. Novel phosphorus/nitrogen/silicon-containing flame retardants were synthesized through the hydrolysis of 3-[2-(2-Aminoethylamino)ethylamino]propyl-trimethoxysilane (P(ANTMS)) and the hydrolysis under phosphoric acid (P(ANTMS-PA)) and phosphorous acid (P(ANTMS-POA)). Ceramifiable SR composites were prepared by using glass powders as sintering aids, and kaolin and sericite as refractory fillers. The sintered residues of the ceramifiable SR composites after burning exhibited a certain strength. The flame retardants were added to the ceramifiable SR composites for improving the flame retardancy, which decreased the peak heat release rate (PHRR) and the total heat release (THR) of the SR composites. The SR composite filled with P(ANTMS-PA) had a low PHRR of 226 kW/m 2 , a low THR of 56 MJ/m 2 and good smoke suppression property. The sintered product of the SR composite filled with P(ANTMS-PA) exhibited the continuous and dense ceramic structure, which could effectively prevent heat transfer and oxygen. The ceramifiable flame-retarded SR composite exhibited excellent ceramifiable property and flame retardancy.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
聚合物复合材料
·
阻燃材料
·
陶瓷工艺
✓ 已验证
DOI
高影响因子
ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering
·
2025
·
IF 7.3
Zihan Zhao,Chunfeng Li,Lei Le,Mingli Liu,Zhihao Zhang
The expanding application of corn stalk/polypropylene composites (CPCs) is accompanied by increasingly stringent performance requirements. Consequently, endowing flame retardancy, smoke suppression, and multifunctionality to CPCs while maintaining their mechanical properties is significant. Herein, a biobased flame retardant, arginine/ZIF-67 dual-modified ammonium polyphosphate (APP-Arg-MOF; MOF, metal–organic framework), for CPCs was engineered. APP was first functionalized with Arg via ion exchange to enhance its compatibility and flame retardancy. Subsequently, ZIF-67 was uniformly grown on APP-Arg through coordination-driven assembly using cobalt ions and 2-methylimidazole. The experimental results explained the exceptional multifunctional enhancement. The CPC/APP-Arg-MOF composite achieved a limiting oxygen index of 29.2% and passed the UL-94 V-0 rating. Cone calorimetry revealed significant reductions in the peak heat release rate (63.1%), total heat release (21.9%), and total smoke production (34.7%). Remarkably, the bending and tensile strengths increased by 10.0% and 26.9%, respectively, relative to CPC/APP, attributed to improved interfacial compatibility via Arg and ZIF-67 nanostructures. Furthermore, the CPC/APP-Arg-MOF composite exhibited potent antimicrobial activity, with inhibition rates of 97% against E. coli and 99% against S. aureus, leveraging synergistic effects of Arg and Co2+ release from ZIF-67. Meanwhile, the composite also maintained flame-retardant and antibacterial properties after 200 h of UV aging. Therefore, this work presents a sustainable APP surface modification strategy by utilizing Arg and ZIF-67 to simultaneously enhance fire safety, smoke suppression, and mechanical, antimicrobial, and anti-UV aging performances of CPC, offering significant potential for CPC applications.
研究领域:
高分子复合材料
·
阻燃化学
·
材料科学
·
表面改性
·
功能材料
·
生物基材料
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
COLLOIDS AND SURFACES A-PHYSICOCHEMICAL AND ENGINEERING ASPECTS
·
2025
·
IF 5.4
Chunlin Chen,Beibei Ren,Guoqing Xiao,Xinyu Bai,Guirong Zhao,Chunyan Chen,Chuanlin Mou
Herein, bio-based dopamine (DA) and phosphorus-rich hexachlorocyclotriphosphine (HCCP) were firstly assembled onto the MXene surface (MXene/DHP) via copolymerization. Notably, the formation of the DHP copolymer introduced a large amount of P and N flame-retardant elements, while the abundant amino/hydroxyl groups in its structure provided active sites for further surface modification. Subsequently, small-sized molybdenum disulfide (MoS 2 ) nanosheets were uniformly anchored onto the MXene/DHP surface, forming a composite flame retardant with a hierarchical nanostructure (MXene/DHP@MoS 2 ). The MXene/DHP@MoS 2 enhanced EP composite coating achieved the lowest back temperature (167.7 ± 3.3 ℃) and the highest expansion height (24.8 ± 0.99 mm), directly indicating its superior thermal insulation capability due to the excellent thermal insulation properties of the two-dimensional structures of MXene and MoS 2 . The MXene/DHP@MoS 2 /EP composite coating displayed the lowest smoke density rating (42.2 ± 1.32 %) while retaining the highest residual carbon content (29.9 %). This is attributed to that the abundant P and N groups in MXene/DHP@MoS 2 , along with multiple metal ions, catalyzed the conversion of more pyrolysis intermediates into char at high temperature. Additionally, the MXene/DHP@MoS 2 /EP composite exhibited the most complete and dense residual carbon after calcination, with titanium dioxide and molybdenum trioxide uniformly embedded in the carbon layer framework, significantly enhancing its thermal insulation performance. Overall, this hierarchically structured composite flame retardant significantly improved the flame protection capability of water-based epoxy intumescent coatings, further driving the rapid development of fire-resistant coatings.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
高分子化学
·
消防安全工程
·
纳米技术
·
涂层与表面工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL MACROMOLECULES
·
2025
·
IF 8.5
Haihui Zhao,Maoyong Zhi,Zichen Zhou,Mingge Zhang,Qiang Sun,Quanyi Liu
A new intrinsically flame-retardant starch-based epoxy resin (OS-DDM-EP) was successfully fabricated from a green and facile process using resource-rich and low-cost starch as raw materials. The molecule structure of OS-DDM-EP was verified by infrared spectrum and nuclear magnetic resonance. TGA results revealed a much higher than residual char rate for OS-DDM-EP/DDM (22.3 %) compared to DGEBA/DDM (15.1 %) at 800 °C. Starch-based epoxy thermoset achieved a limited oxygen index of 34.5 % and passed V-0 rating of UL-94 vertical burning test. In comparison to the DGEBA/DDM thermosets, starch-based epoxy thermosets showcased a notably enhanced flame retardancy and smoke suppression. The peak heat release rate and total heat release were respectively dropped by 62.2 % and 53.4 %. Similarly, the peak smoke production rate and total smoke production were respectively reduced by 33.5 % and 57.8 %. Schiff base and polysaccharide structures of starch-based epoxy thermoset played a pivotal role in the formation of a consistent and dense char. Interestingly, the flexural modulus and flexural strength of starch-based epoxy thermosets were 3.26 GPa and 156.1 MPa, much higher than those of the commercial epoxy thermosets (2.23 GPa, 113.5 MPa). Furthermore, the flame retardancy improvement was attributed to the synergistic impact of gas and condensed phases. This research presents a simple and eco-friendly method for large-scale producing fire safety bio-based epoxy thermosets.
研究领域:
高分子科学
·
材料工程
·
消防安全工程
·
绿色化学
·
生物基材料
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
危险品化学品经营许可证（带存储）