ACS Omega
·
2025
·
IF 4.3
SongYuChen Ma,Tao Liu,DeQi Wang,YinHui Li,WenJing Shi,FengSheng Li,Jie Liu
To address the quality issues arising from the uncontrollable morphological grain size in the preparation of CL-20/HMX cocrystals, a novel method for producing high-quality cocrystals with well-defined morphological grain sizes has been developed. The cocrystallization process was conducted using the solvent/nonsolvent method, wherein the mixing efficiency and solution supersaturation were precisely controlled through systematic optimization of key parameters, including solvent composition, solvent/nonsolvent ratio, reaction temperature, and stirring rate. Through systematic optimization of experimental parameters, three distinct rhombohedral CL-20/HMX cocrystal samples with uniform particle size distributions and well-defined morphologies were successfully prepared, exhibiting characteristic D50 values of 20, 63, and 130 μm. Comprehensive characterization revealed that SEM analysis demonstrated the cocrystals possess smooth surfaces and regular geometric shapes. Combined XRD and micro-CT analyses confirmed the high crystallinity of the cocrystals, particularly noting the reduced internal defects and superior crystal perfection in larger-grained samples. DSC measurements indicated enhanced thermal stability in cocrystals with larger particle sizes. Furthermore, sensitivity testing showed larger-grained cocrystals are less sensitive than smaller-grained ones, which can be attributed to the more compact internal structure of the crystals.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
爆炸物化学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
Carbon Letters
·
2019
·Vol. 30
·期 4
·425-434
·
IF 1.807
Wang Jingjing,Wang Weimin,Wang Jinghua,Xu Kangzhen
For solving phase separation of nanoparticles and graphene oxide (GO) in the application process, MgWO 4 –GO nanocomposites were successfully synthesized using three different dispersants via a facile solvothermal-assisted in situ synthesis method. The structure and morphology of the prepared samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction, Scanning electron microscopy, Transmission electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared and Raman techniques. The experimental results show that MgWO 4 nanoparticles are tightly anchored on the surfaces of GO sheets and the agglomeration of MgWO 4 nanoparticles is significantly weakened. Additionally, MgWO 4 –GO nanocomposites are more stable than self-assembly MgWO 4 /GO, which there is no separation of MgWO 4 nanoparticles and GO sheets by ultrasound after 10 min. The catalytic results show that, compared with bare MgWO 4 , MgWO 4 –GO nanocomposites present better catalytic activities on the thermal decomposition of cyclotetramethylenete tranitramine (HMX), cyclotrimethylene trinitramine (RDX) and ammonium perchlorate (AP). The enhanced catalytic activity is mainly attributed to the synergistic effect of MgWO 4 nanoparticles and GO. MgWO 4 –GO prepared using urea as the dispersant has the smallest diameter and possesses the best catalytic action among the three MgWO 4 –GO nanocomposites, which make the decomposition temperature of HMX, RDX and AP reduce by 10.71, 11.09 and 66.6 °C, respectively, and the apparent activation energy of RDX decrease by 68.6 kJ mol −1 .
研究领域:
材料科学
·
化学工程
·
催化反应
✓ 已验证
DOI
高影响因子
Defence Technology
·
2023
·
IF 5.1
Jian Wang,Jie Chen,Yaofeng Mao,Yongjun Deng,Wei Cao,Fude Nie,Jun Wang
Metal (aluminum and boron) based energetic materials have been wildly applied in various fields including aerospace, explosives and micro-devices due to their high energy density. Unfortunately, the low combustion efficiency and reactivity of metal fuels, especially boron (B), severely limit their practical applications. Herein, multi-component 3D microspheres of HMX/B/Al/PTFE (HBA) have been designed and successfully prepared by emulsion and solvent evaporation method to achieve superior energy and combustion reactivity. The reactivity and energy output of HBA are systematically measured by ignition-burning test, constant-volume explosion vessel system and bomb calorimetry. Due to the increased interfacial contact and reaction area, HBA shows higher flame propagation rate, faster pressurization rate and larger combustion heat of 29.95 cm/s, 1077 kPa/s, and 6164.43 J/g, which is 1.5 times, 3.5 times, and 1.03 times of the physical mixed counterpart (HBA-P). Meanwhile, HBA also shows enhanced energy output and reactivity than 3D microspheres of HMX/B/PTFE (HB) resulting from the high reactivity of Al. The reaction mechanism of 3D microspheres is comprehensively investigated through combustion emission spectral and thermal analysis (TG-DSC-MS). The superior reactivity and energy of HBA originate from the surface etching of fluorine to the inert shell (Al 2 O 3 and B 2 O 3 ) and the initiation effect of Al to B. This work offers a promising approach to design and prepare high-performance energetic materials for the practical applications.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
燃烧与爆炸学
·
能源材料
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES
·
2022
·Vol. 23
·期 12
·6710
·
IF 6.208
Binghui Duan,Xianming Lu,Hongchang Mo,Bojun Tan,Bozhou Wang,Ning Liu
Safety concerns remain a bottleneck for the application of 2,4,6,8,10,12-hexanitro- 2,4,6,8,10,12-hexaazaisowurtzitane (CL-20)/1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazacyclooctane (HMX) cocrystal. Melamine–formaldehyde (MF) resin was chosen to fabricate CL-20/HMX cocrystal-based core–shell composites (CH@MF composites) via a facile in situ polymerization method. The resulted CH@MF composites were comprehensively characterized, and a compact core–shell structure was confirmed. The effects of the shell content on the properties of the composites were explored as well. As a result, we found that, except for CH@MF–2 with a 1% shell content, the increase in shell content led to a rougher surface morphology and more close-packed structure. The thermal decomposition peak temperature improved by 5.3 °C for the cocrystal enabled in 1.0 wt% MF resin. Regarding the sensitivity, the CH@MF composites exhibited a significantly reduced impact and friction sensitivity with negligible energy loss compared with the raw cocrystal and physical mixtures due to the cushioning and insulation effects of the MF coating. The formation mechanism of the core–shell micro-composites was further clarified. Overall, this work provides a green, facile and industrially potential strategy for the desensitization of energetic cocrystals. The CH@MF composites with high thermal stability and low sensitivity are promising to be applied in propellants and polymer-bonded explosive (PBX) formulations.Keywords:CL-20/HMX cocrystal;in situ polymerization;core–shell structure;desensitization;thermal stability
研究领域:
材料科学
·
爆炸物化学
·
高能材料工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL
·
2021
·
IF 13.273
Ming Zhang,Fengqi Zhao,Hui Li,Zhifeng Yuan,Shuai Dong,Ying Wang,Xueli Chen,Yanjing Yang,Xiuduo Song,Zhoufeng Jiang
A series of novel graphene-salen metal nanocomposites with different active metals and molecular structures were designed, synthesized and characterized using SEM, EDS, FTIR, XPS and RAMAN instruments. Effects of the as-synthesized graphene-salen metal nanocomposites on the combustion performance and mechanism of HMX-CMDB propellant were studied. Among the nanocomposites considered, S-792-Ni has the best effect on the combustion performance of HMX-CMDB propellant, which makes the propellant possess high burning rate, low pressure index and good combustion stability. The excellent combustion performance of HMX-CMDB propellant containing S-792-Ni is closely related to the formation of filamentous clusters, the decrease of dark zone thickness and the increase of gas phase temperature gradient. In addition, the formation of flocculent network carbon skeleton and the decrease of metal aggregations in the quenched sample also contribute to the improvement of combustion performance. Additionally, the interaction mechanisms of efficient catalyst S-792-Ni with energetic components HMX and NC/NG were revealed by the in-situ solid FTIR and gas-phase MS-FTIR methods. The results show that S-792-Ni can obviously promotes the fracture of C–C bonds and C-N bonds of NC/NG and HMX respectively, and significantly increases the decomposition heat of HMX and NC/NG. The increased decomposition heat are beneficial to the rapid reactions beneath the combustion surface and the heat feedback between combustion surface and gas region, so as to improve the burning rate of HMX-CMDB propellant.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
燃烧与推进
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
NEW JOURNAL OF CHEMISTRY
·
2020
·Vol. 44
·期 5
·1858-1864
·
IF 3.288
Zongkai Wu,Jiangfeng Pei,Xiuduo Song,Ning Liu,Jianguo Li,Ming Zhang,Jun Zhang,Dongxiang Zhang,Fengqi Zhao
The DSC-TG-MS-FTIR coupling technique and in situ FTIR technique were used to study the catalytic effects of nano-Fe2O3 and rGO–Fe2O3 on the thermal decomposition behaviors of CL-20/HMX cocrystals. The results showed nano-Fe2O3 having a good catalytic effect on the thermal decomposition of the CL-20/HMX cocrystal. Nano-Fe2O3 was found to enhance CO2 production and prevent the production of NH2+, HCN, and CHO or N2H+ during the decomposition of cocrystalline CL-20/HMX. Meanwhile, both the CL-20/HMX thermal decomposition peak temperature and Ea were reduced by including nano-Fe2O3. The inclusion of rGO–Fe2O3 did not enhance the catalytic effect of nano-Fe2O3, but did reduce residue formation during the CL-20/HMX decomposition process. Breaking of N–N bonds and the release of NO2 were concluded to constitute the initial steps of the decomposition of the CL-20/HMX cocrystal. This investigation has contributed to our understanding of the thermal decomposition of the CL-20/HMX cocrystal and provides guidance for the catalytic decomposition of energetic material cocrystals.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
化学动力学
·
能量材料
✓ 已验证
DOI
高影响因子
COLLOIDS AND SURFACES A-PHYSICOCHEMICAL AND ENGINEERING ASPECTS
·
2025
·
IF 5.4
Yunyang Wu,Ling Chen,Shouyu Wang,Fengqiang Nan,Ping Du,Weidong He
Nitramine propellants have garnered significant attention owing to their high-energy characteristics. However, it always encounters insufficient mechanical strength at low temperatures. In this study, the catechol polymerization product polydopamine (PDA) was incorporated into the microstructure of gun propellants through constructing 1, 3, 5, 7-tetranitro-1, 3, 5, 7-tetrazocane@polydopamine (HMX@PDA) energetic composites, thereby improving the comprehensive performances of the gun propellants. In-depth characterizations confirmed the uniform distribution of PDA on the surfaces of HMX crystals. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was employed to analyze the thermal decomposition behavior and kinetics of the samples through the Kissinger, Ozawa, and Friedman methods. The apparent activation energy of thermal decomposition of the blank sample (169.682 kJ·mol -1 ) and gun propellant with HMX@PDA-24h (170.178 kJ·mol -1 ) indicate that the thermal stability of gun propellants remained favorably. Additionally, experimental results confirmed that the burning rate coefficient ( a ) and the burning pressure exponent ( n ) can be effectively modulated by adjusting the PDA coating time. This demonstrates that the incorporation of PDA-coated HMX does not compromise the combustion stability of gun propellants. Furthermore, the mechanical properties of the HMX@PDA-modified gun propellants improved significantly with a 12-hour PDA coating. Improvements of 14.40%, 21.15%, and 21.18% were observed under low-, normal-, and high-temperature conditions, respectively. Based on these findings, a schematic mechanism for the enhancement of the mechanical properties of gun propellant by constructing composite core-shell structure is proposed. Consequently, this study pioneers the introduction of PDA into nitramine gun propellants, providing application prospects and fundamental supporting for high-energy and high-strength gun propellants.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
化学工程
·
能源化学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL
·
2023
·
IF 15.1
Teng Wang,Ying Wang,Shilong Hao,Shuhai Zhang,Ruijun Gou,Hongzhen Li,Yu Liu,Xin Zhou
The simultaneous achievement of crystal characteristics control and environmentally benign is challenging the formulation processing of energetic materials (EMs). Herein, a membrane-cooling coupled crystallization (MCr-CCr) with complete solvent recovery is demonstrated for the preparation of 1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetraazacyclooctane (HMX) crystals with high sphericity and controlled sizes. The permeate flow rate, cooling rate and feed flow rate are found to be the key process parameters in MCr-CCr that determine the supersaturation, seeds number and population density, which collectively dictate the morphology and sizes of the crystalline products. The L 9 (3 4 ) orthogonal experiment indicates that the influential order of the aforementioned three parameters varies with the evaluation indicators (mean size and coefficient of variation). The growth kinetics and morphological evolution analysis suggest that the formation of spherical HMX requires a stable supersaturation ratio (c.a. 1.1) near the lower limit of the metastable zone. Its growth mechanism follows the agglomeration-dissolution mechanism. The agglomeration is responsible for enlarging the crystals, and the dissolution/abrasion shapes the crystals into a sphere. The obtained spherical HMX has high purity (greater than 99.5%), circularity (87.9%) and bulk density (1.17 g·cm −3 ). The proposed MCr-CCr process provides an efficient and sustainable crystallization route for EMs.
研究领域:
化学工程
·
材料科学
·
环境科学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL
·
2024
·
IF 13.3
Ming Zhang,Ting An,Xiuduo Song,Fengqi Zhao,Ergang Yao,Yongqiang Xue,Ying Wang,Xueli Chen,Zhifeng Yuan,Libai Xiao
In order to deal with the long-standing contradiction between safety and performance for propellent combustion catalyst, the TKX-50-M (M=Pb, Bi and Cu) were designed, synthesized and characterized. The density, thermal decomposition, mechanical sensitivity and energy performance of the prepared TKX-50-M were studied systemically. By taking NTO-Pb as the benchmark, the TKX-50-M exhibited much better energetic and safety properties. Besides, the combination of TKX-50-Pb, TKX-50-Cu and carbon black is conductive to the combustion of HMX-CMDB propellant. The burning rate of HMX-CMDB propellant increases from 16.80 to 21.28 mm s −1 at 20 MPa, and the pressure index reduces from 0.87 to 0.39 in the pressure range of 10–20 MPa. The catalytic mechanism of TKX-50-M were explored according to the results of combustion wave structure, flame image and characteristics of burning out surface. The catalytic effect of TKX-50-Pb is mainly reflected in the gas phase region, and the introduction of TKX-50-Cu and carbon black shows a significant synergistic catalytic effect. The results of this study not only help to explore insensitive high-energy combustion catalyst, but also helps to improve the combustion, energy and safety performance of CMDB propellants.
研究领域:
推进剂化学
·
材料科学
·
燃烧与爆炸动力学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
APPLIED SURFACE SCIENCE
·
2025
·
IF 6.9
Zhiqiang Wang,Xu Zhou,Tian Ma,Jinjiang Xu
A novel 1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocane (HMX) based energetic composite material was synthesized. With ultrafine NTO as the shell, the sensitivity of HMX was reduced and the thermal stability was enhanced while ensuring the detonation performance. In addition, biomass κ-carrageenan (KC) and chitosan (CTS) were used as coatings to synergistically improve the interfacial interaction of energetic materials and promote the energy release efficiency of HMX. Specifically, HMX/KC-CTS/NTO composites increase the β-δ phase transition temperature of HMX by 13.3 °C. The overall combustion rate of HMX/KC-CTS/NTO increased by 23.3 %, the maximum flame combustion rate increased by 62.7 %, and the combustion area increased by 228.9 %. Compared with HMX (IS = 6J, FS = 100 N), the impact sensitivity of HMX/KC-CTS/NTO (IS = 15 J, FS = 260 N) is significantly reduced due to the perfect and dense ultrafine-NTO coating on the surface of HMX particles. Finally, the formation mechanism of HMX/KC-CTS/NTO composites was revealed by DFT calculation.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
爆炸化学
·
界面工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
FUEL
·
2022
·
IF 8.035
Zikangping Wang,Zhi-Hua Xue,Ke-Juan Meng,Xue-Xue Zhang,Qi-Long Yan
Two types of qy-HMX (insensitive HMX with improved energy density, numbered 1 and 2) have been used and studied as an ingredient of HTPB-based composite propellants (CPs), and the decomposition and combustion performances have been investigated. It has been shown that the main exothermic peak temperature of blank CPs containing 21 wt% of qy-HMX-1 is 258.9 °C, which is 4.7 °C higher than that of HMX-containing one, indicating improved thermostability. The corresponding heat of explosion for blank qy-HMX-2-based CPs was measured to be 5830 J∙g −1 , which is 300 J∙g −1 higher than that of HMX-based one. Interestingly, the qy-HMX-2-based CPs has higher energy density than corresponding CL-20-based ones, but it has much lower burn rate under the same pressure, e.g. 4.38 mm∙s −1 at 3 MPa for the former vs. 9.03 mm∙s −1 for the latter. Under the effect of typical conventional catalysts such as nano-CuO and nano-Fe 2 O 3 , the qy-HMX-1-based CPs showed increased heat of explosion and higher burn rate. In addition, the particle sizes of condensed combustion products (CCPs) of CPs containing qy-HMX-2 are much smaller than that of HMX-based one, where the Al 4 C 3 was produced as its unique CCPs ingredient.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
燃烧与爆炸学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
FUEL
·
2025
·
IF 7.5
Penglin Kang,Changgui Song,Jinbo Guo,Yuan Lai,Xiangru Li,Leixin Hou,Wenjie Liu,Xiaodong Li
To achieve a synergistic enhancement of both energy output and safety performance in metal powder-based high-energy materials, this study employed coaxial focusing droplet technology to fabricate HMX/TiH 2 /F composite microspheres. The influence of dispersed phase concentration on microsphere morphology and particle size was systematically investigated. HMX/F and HMX/Ti/F microspheres, prepared using the same method, served as control groups for analyzing crystal structure and functional group composition. Results indicated that all three types of microspheres retained their original chemical structures. Performance tests revealed that HMX/TiH 2 /F microspheres achieved a favorable balance between thermal stability and reactivity, with thermal safety significantly improved compared to the control samples. Specifically, its impact sensitivity increased by 8 J and 13 J compared to HMX/F and HMX/Ti/F, respectively; friction sensitivity increased by 164 N and 228 N; and electrostatic accumulation was reduced by 1.46 and 16.40 nC, respectively, demonstrating superior mechanical and electrostatic safety. Combustion and detonation tests further demonstrated that HMX/TiH 2 /F microspheres exhibited the most intense combustion flame. The ignition delay time was reduced by 67.48 ms and 26.20 ms compared to HMX/F and HMX/Ti/F, respectively, and the combustion duration was shortened by 0.51 s and 0.42 s. Meanwhile, HMX/TiH 2 /F composite microspheres still maintained a high energy output, and the measured detonation velocity was 7685.7 m/s, which was 149.99 m/s higher than that of HMX/Ti/F. These findings indicate that the incorporation of TiH 2 facilitates the coordinated optimization of high-energy materials with respect to both safety and energetic performance, demonstrating promising application potential.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
含能材料
·
热力学
·
燃烧学
·
安全工程
·
颗粒工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
危险品化学品经营许可证（带存储）