METALLURGICAL AND MATERIALS TRANSACTIONS B-PROCESS METALLURGY AND MATERIALS PROCESSING SCIENCE
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2026
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IF 3.3
Yuan Jiasheng,Yang Xiao
Electrodeposition of boron and borides in molten CaCl 2 −CaO−B 2 O 3 offers a versatile route to boron-based materials, yet the dissolution chemistry of B 2 O 3 in molten CaCl 2 −CaO and the associated phase relationships remain insufficiently understood. Here, we investigate B 2 O 3 dissolution in molten CaCl 2 −CaO between 1073 K and 1223 K. The solubility of B 2 O 3 increases with temperature and demonstrates a linear dependence on CaO concentration. Dissolution proceeds via the formation of the solid intermediates Ca 2 BO 3 Cl and Ca 2 B 5 O 9 Cl, followed by dissociation of Ca 2 B 5 O 9 Cl into soluble ions. Raman-based speciation indicates that dissolved boron occurs predominantly as metaborate species ( \({\text{BO}}_{2}^{ - }\) ) present as short-chain units and six-membered rings. Additionally, phase relationships in the CaCl 2 -rich region of the CaCl 2 −CaO−B 2 O 3 ternary system are established across the studied temperature range. These findings provide a thermochemical foundation for designing and optimizing fluoride-free CaCl 2 −based molten salt systems for boron electrodeposition.
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高影响因子
ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY
·
2025
·
IF 6.7
Chenlu Lin,Xiao Yang
Molten CaCl2 is a viable solvent and electrolyte for extracting target elements from their oxides through electrolysis. However, the accumulation of O2– during electrolysis presents a significant challenge for the commercial application of CaCl2-based technologies. Understanding the behavior of O2– in the melt is crucial for optimizing the process. To address this, we developed an electromotive force (EMF) measuring system to monitor O2– behavior during the Si electrodeposition in molten CaCl2. We explored the thermodynamic properties of O2– in molten CaCl2–CaO (XO2– < 0.03) at 1123 K. The relationship between activity and molar fraction of O2– was established as aO2– = XO2–2.2, indicating strong interactions between O2– and other ions in the melt. EMF measurements confirmed the accumulation of O2– during the electrolysis in molten CaCl2–CaO–SiO2, as evidenced by the significant increase in aO2–. Notably, this accumulation becomes more pronounced with larger cathode areas, which leads to greater carbon contamination. Further investigation revealed that solid SiO2 effectively reduces aO2– in molten CaCl2–CaO to lower levels. By immersing solid SiO2 in melt during electrolysis, the accumulation rate of O2– is slowed, thereby inhibiting carbon contamination and improving current efficiency. These findings provide valuable insights into the use of the EMF measuring system as an effective tool for revealing O2– behavior and optimizing electrolysis processes in molten CaCl2.
研究领域:
材料科学
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电化学
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DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
JOURNAL OF SOLID STATE ELECTROCHEMISTRY
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2022
·Vol. 26
·期 3
·791-798
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IF 2.747
Zhao Meiyu,Du Pin,Liu Wei,Du Kaifa,Ma Yongsong,Yin Huayi,Wang Dihua
Making a tantalum carbide (TaC) coating on Ta substrates is an effective way to improve the mechanical and anti-corrosion properties of Ta. However, conventional methods for making a TaC coating require high-temperature conditions of over 1600 °C to get a TaC thickness of > 20 μm. Herein, a TaC coating of > 20 μm thickness was prepared on a Ta substrate in molten CaCl 2 -CaC 2 at 850 °C for 4 h. In the molten salt electrolyzer, the Ta plate served as the anode where C 2 2− was oxidized and simultaneously reacted with Ta to form a TaC layer, and Ca 2+ was reduced and alloyed with C to form CaC 2 that can replenish the C 2 2− . The electrolytic TaC exhibited an average hardness of 962 HV that was 6 times of the bare Ta substrate. In the 3.5 wt% NaCl solution, the TaC coating displayed a higher corrosion potential and lower corrosion current density (0.48 V, 1.59 μA cm −2 ) than Ta substrate (0.35 V, 1.85 μA cm −2 ) and the mixtures of TaC and Ta 2 C (0.35 V, 1.78 μA cm −2 ), indicating its better corrosion resistance. The molten salt anodic carbidation may lead to a general way to prepare transition metal carbide coatings with enhanced carburizing kinetics at < 1000 °C. Graphical abstract
研究领域:
材料科学
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电化学
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高影响因子
Frontiers in Energy Research
·
2021
·
IF 4.008
Liu Yang,Zhang Yuchen,Xie Tao,Yue Ming,Wang Dongsen,Li Bin
In light of the difficulty of solid-liquid separation of waste PEM drilling fluid in the Bohai oilfield, constructing an inorganic-organic flocculation system is proposed and the processing method of destabilization technology is optimized. The biggest influence factor on the flocculation process of PEM drilling fluid was determined by designing an orthogonal test. The flocculation mechanism was researched through single factor optimization, combined with zeta potential and particle size distribution test. The results showed that the most significant factors affecting the flocculation of waste PEM drilling fluid were the dosage of inorganic flocculant CaCl2 and flocculation pH value. When the dosage of inorganic flocculant CaCl2 was 1.2% (w/v), the dosage of organic flocculant SDYJ-2 was 0.05%, the flocculation pH value was 3, and the flocculation time was 5 min, the flocculation technology reached the optimization and then the liquid yield can reach 70.96%. The mechanism of flocculation and destabilization was as follows: the inorganic flocculant of CaCl2 mainly reduced the zeta potential of clay particles through electric neutralization. 1% CaCl2 could reduce the potential mean value of drilling fluid system from -38.1 mV to -32.5 mV, and then decrease the repulsion among suspensions. Through bridging curling and electric neutralization, the organic flocculant of SDYJ-2 can absorb and wrap the clay particles after flocculation destabilization to form a network spatial structure, which made clay particles aggregate into large flocs and particles. D50 can increase by 21.5 times, when the concentration of SDYJ-2 was 0.15%.
研究领域:
石油工程
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环境科学
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DOI
高影响因子
METALLURGICAL AND MATERIALS TRANSACTIONS B-PROCESS METALLURGY AND MATERIALS PROCESSING SCIENCE
·
2025
·
IF 3.1
Lin Chenlu,Yang Xiao
Molten CaCl 2 is increasingly recognized for its potential in developing innovative mineral and material processing technologies as an effective solvent and electrolyte. However, controlling the accumulation of free O 2− remains a major challenge. This work explores the feasibility of eliminating free O 2− in molten CaCl 2 by adding MgCl 2 . Thermodynamic analysis suggests that the introduction of Mg 2+ favors the precipitation of O 2− as insoluble MgO (Mg 2+ + O 2− → MgO↓). Experimental results confirm a rapid and vigorous reaction producing sub-micron MgO particles, which initially suspend, then coalesce, and eventually settle at the bottom. The process’s efficiency depends on the dosage of MgCl 2 added. A sub-stoichiometric dosage inadequately removes O 2− , while a hyper-stoichiometric dosage disrupts the melt stability due to the widespread dispersion of soluble Mg(II) and MgO particles. A near-stoichiometric dosage, on the other hand, leads to optimal performance by facilitating the formation of Mg 2 O 2+ , enabling localized MgO precipitation and thus preventing contamination of the bulk melt. These findings provide a foundation for designing more efficient and environmentally friendly molten CaCl 2 -based processes for industrial applications.
研究领域:
材料科学
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冶金学
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无机化学
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高温化学
·
过程工程
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高影响因子
Journal of Energy Storage
·
2019
·
IF 3.517
Yongyichuan Zhang,Xuelai Zhang,Xiaofeng Xu,Mengyao Lu
Phase change materials can store and release large amounts of heat over a small temperature range. Phase transition interval and phase change latent heat are important indicators for phase change materials, which determine phase change materials application in different temperature zones. Due to DSC has the quality error in sampling. Therefore, the T-history method is used here to derive the phase change interval, the phase change latent heat and the thermal conductivity of phase change materials. We chose CaCl 2 •6H 2 O composite SAT, DA-MA and OA phase change materials to improve the t-history method. The formula for phase transition interval, phase change latent heat and thermal conductivity is derived. The T-history method is more accurate and can compensate for the inaccuracy of DSC. The improved T-history method is not affected by mass, and the calculated thermophysical parameters are more representative, which is suitable for the parameter calculation of phase change materials with large mass.
研究领域:
材料科学
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热物理学
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高影响因子
Foods
·
2025
·Vol. 14
·期 24
·4221
·
IF 5.1
Nianxia Sun,Yakun Wang,Jie Zhang,Zesheng Wu,Mengting Cheng,Hui Shen,Dianlei Wang,Bo Cui
Porous starch (PS) is widely used in food, pharmaceutical, and environmental industries for its high adsorption capacity and controlled release properties. To explore how surface gelatinization affected enzymatically prepared PS, corn starch was first modified via surface gelatinization using a CaCl2solution and then treated with α-amylase and amyloglucosidase to synthesize PS. Its structural and functional characteristics were subsequently analyzed. The findings demonstrated that the CaCl2solution facilitated the surface gelatinization and enhanced the enzymatic hydrolysis of natural starch. The yield, specific volume, water solubility, swelling power, and oil absorption capacity of PS pretreated with CaCl2solution were improved. After 40 min of processing, the yield, specific volume, and oil absorption capacity of PS reached the optimal state, increasing by 19.90%, 91.19%, and 32.84%, respectively. Consequently, its fisetin encapsulation efficiency (93.67%) and loading capacity (8.03%) were also higher than those of non-pretreated PS, attributed to the reduced short-range structure and crystallinity in the CaCl2-pretreated PS. The DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities of CaCl2-pretreated PS/fisetin (PS/FIT) exceeded those of the non-pretreated PS/FIT and free fisetin. These findings highlight the potential of CaCl2pretreatment as an effective strategy to enhance the functional properties of enzymatic PS.
研究领域:
食品科学与技术
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碳水化合物化学
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制药技术
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材料科学
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酶工程
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DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering
·
2025
·
IF 7.2
Guanting Liu,Xiao Yang
High-purity white phosphorus can be produced by dissolving phosphate rock in molten CaCl 2 and subsequently electrolyzing phosphate ions in the melt. This method is anticipated to address the technical challenges associated with the conventional carbothermal process, including high energy consumption, significant pollution, and low product purity. This paper systematically investigated the dissolution mechanism of fluorapatite [Ca 5 (PO 4 ) 3 F, the principal phase in phosphate rock] in molten CaCl 2 , as well as the influence of fluorine ions on the dissolution and electrolysis processes. The findings revealed that the solubility of Ca 5 (PO 4 ) 3 F in molten CaCl 2 increased with temperature, and the dissolution process was endothermic, with a standard dissolution enthalpy of 73755.9 J mol⁻¹ K⁻¹ over a temperature range of 1073 K to 1273 K. The diffusion of phosphate ions in the melt significantly influenced the dissolution rate, which can be enhanced through improved mass transfer. During the dissolution process, Ca 5 (PO 4 ) 3 F initially dissociated into Ca 5 (PO 4 ) 3 Cl and CaF 2 , followed by the transformation of Ca 5 (PO 4 ) 3 Cl into Ca 2 PO 4 Cl. The presence of CaF 2 increased the solubility of phosphorus, slightly reduced the dissolution rate, and had minimal impact on the electrochemical reduction of phosphate ions. High-purity white phosphorus was successfully prepared through electrolysis in a molten CaCl 2 -CaF 2 dissolving phosphate rock, demonstrating superior quality compared to industrial-grade phosphorus products. These results provide a comprehensive understanding of the electrochemical preparation of white phosphorus and highlight its potential for promoting the green and sustainable development of the phosphorus chemical industry.
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高影响因子
ACS Omega
·
2019
·
IF 2.584
Xianzhen Xu,Yan Wang,Xiangyu Sun,Yu Zhou
Vapor–liquid equilibrium (VLE) data are measured and reported for the LiCl + CaCl2 + H2O system. The experimental procedures were carried out with pressures between 6 and 101.3 kPa in a computer-controlled glass apparatus. We obtained the relationship between solubility of salt and vapor pressure by analyzing and summarizing the results. Then, a modified NRTL model based on the hypothesis of hydration was used in this paper. By correlation of literature and experimental data for LiCl + H2O, CaCl2 + H2O, and LiCl + CaCl2 + H2O (pressure spanning from 5 to 101.3 kPa), some parameters were modified for improving the accuracy of the calculation. Meanwhile, the model was successfully applied to predict the VLE data in LiCl + CaCl2 + H2O systems with the modified binary parameters.
研究领域:
化学工程
·
热力学
·
物理化学
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DOI
高影响因子
Journal of Sustainable Metallurgy
·
2023
·Vol. 9
·期 3
·1253-1266
·
IF 2.4
Huang Jingdong,Li Guangqiang,Yang Xiao
Natural Zn reserves might be exhausted in the following decades. Electric arc furnace (EAF) dust is an essential secondary Zn resource. The recovery of Zn from EAF dust is a critical factor in the sustainable development of the Zn industry and steelmaking industry. Efficient destruction of the ZnFe 2 O 4 crystal structure and separation of Zn and Fe are the key issues to recycle EAF dust. Molten metal chlorides are believed to be effective in breaking the structure of ZnFe 2 O 4 . This work clarifies the distinct reaction behavior between ZnFe 2 O 4 and MgCl 2 or CaCl 2 . Experiments show that although MgCl 2 is a more powerful chlorinating agent, the capability of separating Zn and Fe is not as good as that of CaCl 2 . Fast and selective chlorination of Zn from ZnFe 2 O 4 happens by reacting ZnFe 2 O 4 and MgCl 2 –CaCl 2 mixture. CaCl 2 facilitates the formation of stable Fe-bearing phases, such as MgFe 2 O 4 and Ca 2 Fe 2 O 5 , thereby inhibiting the chlorination of Fe. Moreover, it becomes more effective in promoting the selectivity of chlorinating Zn by increasing temperature after adding CaCl 2 in MgCl 2 . When ZnFe 2 O 4 is subjected to chlorination using a MgCl 2 –CaCl 2 mixture (MgCl 2 –CaCl 2 –ZnFe 2 O 4 molar ratio = 1.5:1.5:1) at 950 °C for 120 min, the process results in a chlorination percentage of over 90% for Zn, with Fe chlorination percentage lower than 5%. These results demonstrate the prospect of efficient separation of Zn from ZnFe 2 O 4 by reaction with molten MgCl 2 –CaCl 2 mixture. Graphical Abstract
研究领域:
冶金工程
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材料科学
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DOI
高影响因子
FOOD RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL
·
2024
·
IF 7
Yu Chen,Lihong Chen,Feng Li,Liurong Huang,Yuhan Yan,Ronghai He
NaCl and CaCl 2 are commonly used edible salts in food. The synergistic influences of these two salts on the physicochemical properties of whey protein isolate-carrageenan (WPI-Car) complexes were investigated in relation to their foaming and emulsifying properties. The results showed that as the ratio of NaCl: CaCl 2 decreased from 6:0 to 3:3, the turbidity of the complexes increased from 0.51 to 0.77 and the absolute zeta potential decreased from 28.86 to 9.05 mV ( P < 0.05). NaCl caused the exposure of hydrophobic groups, whereas CaCl 2 caused hydrophobic groups to be buried within the molecule. The transformation between the α-helix structure and β-sheet structure of WPI was closely related to the ratios of NaCl to CaCl 2 . The electrostatic force, hydrophobic interaction, and hydrogen bond were significantly influenced by the synergistic influence of NaCl and CaCl 2 . The foaming capacity of WPI-Car complexes reached a maximum of 90.0 % at a NaCl: CaCl 2 ratio of 3:3. Compared to the individual effects of monovalent NaCl and divalent CaCl 2 , the mixture of NaCl and CaCl 2 (5:1) produced suitable refolding due to their synergistic effect, which improved the emulsifying properties of WPI-Car complexes. The findings of this study provide useful information for designing and preparing WPI-Car complexes for food applications
研究领域:
食品科学
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生物化学
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DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL MACROMOLECULES
·
2023
·
IF 8.2
Zhuangzhuang Sun,Xiangxiang Sun,Xiangzhen Ge,Yifan Lu,Xiuyun Zhang,Huishan Shen,Xiuzhu Yu,Jie Zeng,Haiyan Gao,Wenhao Li
Wheat A- starch was subjected to single and combined CaCl 2 and annealing (ANN) treatments. The influence of the treatment on wheat A- starch's structural, rheological, pasting, and digestive characteristics were studied. The results indicated that the application of CaCl 2 treatment caused the removal of the outer layer of wheat A-starch, disrupted the integrity of the growth ring structure, and lowered the molecular weight of amylopectin and relative crystallinity. Meanwhile, the application of outshell removal combined with ANN treatment led to significant damage to the starch granules, resulting in a marked reduction in relative crystallinity, as well as the molecular weight of amylopectin and amylose . However, no changes were found in the non-Newtonian pseudoplastic behavior of starch after single or combined treatments. Furthermore, the combination of outshell removal and annealing treatment resulted in a decreased peak viscosity as well as trough viscosity of starch. Moreover, long-time ANN treatment had the potential to improve the resistant starch (RS) content of deshell starch.
研究领域:
食品科学
·
植物学
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产品关联
DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
危险品化学品经营许可证（带存储）