Journal of Food Measurement and Characterization
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2026
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IF 3.6
Liu Yufei,Gao Shang,Zhang Xiashu,Lu Shuaijun,Jiang Nanjie,Yuan Ze,Li Yue,Xu Mengting,Xiang Xia
Efficient pretreatment is important for improving the extraction and quality of Camellia oleifera seed oil (CSO). However, the effects of combined microwave-infrared (MW-IR) treatment on its lipid composition, bioactive constituents, and volatile profile remain insufficiently characterized. In this study, MW-IR pretreatment was optimized using response surface methodology, and the resulting oils were evaluated by physicochemical analysis, lipidomics, bioactive compound determination, antioxidant assays, and volatile profiling. Microwave treatment at 800 W for 290 s followed by infrared treatment at 140 °C for 14 min was selected as the practical processing condition. Under these conditions, the oil yield increased by 9.69% compared with the untreated control. MW-IR pretreatment significantly reduced the acid value, maintained the peroxide value within acceptable limits, and enhanced carotenoids, chlorophylls, and phenolics, with total phenolic content reaching 204.11 ± 5.04 mg GAE/kg. Meanwhile, tocopherols, squalene, and phytosterols were well preserved. Antioxidant activity was markedly improved, with DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging capacities increasing 2.02- and 5.04-fold, respectively. Lipidomic profiling identified 242 lipid species, revealing a favorable fatty acid profile dominated by oleic acid and polyunsaturated fatty acids. HS–SPME–GC–MS detected 69 volatile compounds, including aldehydes, ketones, furans, and pyrazines, indicating substantial treatment-induced changes in the volatile profile. Principal component analysis showed that phenolic compounds, antioxidant activity, fatty acid composition, and color were major contributors to sample differentiation. This study provides a comprehensive understanding of MW-IR-induced quality changes in CSO from nutritional and sensory perspectives, offering new insights and technical support for its industrial application. Graphical
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JOURNAL OF NANOPARTICLE RESEARCH
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2026
·Vol. 28
·期 3
·78
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IF 3.5
Luo Chunhua,Chang Jing,Wang Tianxin,Wang Shubei,Yu Yinyin,Tang Yanhua,Ma Qian,Yang Jing
Camellia oleifera is one of the important woody oil crops in China, and its food safety has attracted much attention. Mercury (Hg) is a highly toxic heavy metal ion, which can enter Camellia oleifera and its products through environmental migration and bioaccumulation, and poses a potential threat to human health. In this study, an imine-linked three-component covalent organic framework (TD-COF) was synthesized by Schiff base reaction from 4,4′,4″-(1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triyl) tris (TZ), 2,5-dimethoxyterephthalaldehyde (DM), and 2,5-dihydroxy-1,4-benzenedicarboxylic aldehyde (DA). TD-COF features a rapid and highly sensitive detection of Hg 2+ with a detection limit of 8.43 nM. In actual Camellia oleifera samples, it demonstrated excellent recovery (96.3%–102.54%) and stability. It shows excellent potential for designed imine-linked fluorescent COFs in Camellia oleifera detection.
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Journal of Cleaner Production
·
2023
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IF 11.1
Ruxia Ning,Xichuang Cheng,Fenglun Zhang,Diansong Chen,Weixin Li,Leping Zhang,Liwei Zhu,Jianxin Jiang
Camellia oleifera Able fruit shell (COS) is a valuable lignocellulosic waste resource. The objective of this study was to evaluate the variability in properties of COS saponins during the late growth stage and their potential as agents for foam cleaning. We tested the physical parameters of camellia fruits collected from five maturity stages, analyzed the chemical components of COS, as well as extracted saponins to evaluate their structure, surface tension, foaming property, wettability , and cleaning power. The findings revealed a gradual decrease followed by an increase in saponin content as maturity progressed. Notably, COS saponin exhibited the lowest surface tension (33.10 mN/m) and superior wettability (32.87°) 4 weeks before ripening. The foaming capacity of COS saponins reaches up to 163% with a stability exceeding 95%. Moreover, the detergency of COS saponins is comparable to that of commercial detergents. This study contributes to the adequate utilization of camellia shell saponin, and gives implications for its applications as environmentally foam cleaning agents.
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Food and Bioprocess Technology
·
2022
·Vol. 15
·期 5
·1101-1114
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IF 5.581
Javed Miral,Belwal Tarun,Ruyuan Zhang,Xu Yanqun,Li Li,Luo Zisheng
Camellia oleifera shells are a noteworthy by-product often considered as agricultural waste and discarded rather than efficiently used. The extraction of bioactive compounds from shells using green extraction process can be a better approach for waste valorization. Also, demand for novel and green extraction method is required to avoid organic solvents, high cost, and environmental problems. Nanobubbles (NBs) can be used for extraction purposes due to their high specific area and internal pressure. In this study, a novel method using nanobubbles (NBs) solution coupled with ultrasonication to extract phytochemicals from Camellia Oleifera shells (COSs) was first explored. The characterization was performed to measure the size, zeta potential, and surface tension of NBs stabilized by biosurfactant in this case rhamnolipid (Rh). The produced NBs were of size 100 nm, having a surface tension of 35.26 ± 0.31 mN/m −1 . Single-factor experiments were performed to determine the significant variables. The Box–Behnken design optimized the ultrasonic power, ultrasonic time, and surfactant concentration to maximize the phytochemicals extraction. NBs solution coupled with ultrasonication (US) leads to a higher extraction yield of total phenolic (34.42 mg of gallic acid equivalent per gram of dry weight (mg GAE/g DW)) and flavonoid content (23.36 mg of rutin equivalent per gram of dry weight (RE/g DW)), as compared to the conventional extraction method. In addition, in vitro antioxidant activity was also increased in NBs solution and NBs’ solution–US extract compared with the conventional solvent method. The morphological and microstructural changes under NBs solution and ultrasonication were also determined to provide a possible extraction mechanism. The present experiment provides a novel extraction method and an overall green perspective of agro and food waste valorization.
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Innovative Food Science & Emerging Technologies
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2025
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IF 6.8
Xiangyan Mo,Fangxue Hang,Er-Fang Ren,Lili Gai,Kai Li,Debao Niu
Camellia oleifera ( C. oleifera ) shells, a major by-product of the camellia oil industry, are rich in tea saponins. The efficient extraction and characterization of tea saponins from C. oleifera shells using deep eutectic solvents (DESs) were investigated, with the extraction mechanism further explored through scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and molecular dynamics simulations. A total of 24 different types of DESs were prepared, with the optimal DES identified as a combination of L-proline and acetamide (the molar ratio of 1:4). Response surface methodology (RSM) optimization revealed that the maximum yield of tea saponins extraction reached 22.46 %. 18 kinds of tea saponin monomers were identified by ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole-orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-Orbitrap HRMS). SEM analysis showed that DESs effectively disrupted the surface structure of C. oleifera shell. Furthermore, molecular dynamics simulations demonstrated the high extraction efficiency of DESs was due to their larger solvent accessible surface area (SASA), increased number of hydrogen bonds, extended hydrogen bond lifetime, and lower intermolecular interaction energy between DESs and tea saponins. These findings provide new insights into the extraction mechanism and contribute to the optimization of DES-based extraction techniques for bioactive compounds from natural plant sources.
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Journal of Oleo Science
·
2024
·
IF 1.6
Qingqing Li,Yong Zhu,Likang Qin
Eleven kinds of Camellia oleifera seed oils (CSOs) were evaluated in terms of chemical constituents, antioxidant activities, acid value (AV) as well as peroxide value (POV). These CSOs contained abundant β-sitosterol, squalene, α-tocopherol and phenolics, in which the squalene was the distinct constituent with the content between 45.8±0.8 and 184.1±5.5 mg/kg. The β-sitosterol ranging from 143.7±4.8 to 1704.6±72.0 mg/kg contributed a considerable content to total accompaniments. Palmitic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid and linolenic acid were present in these CSOs, in which the dominant fatty acid was oleic acid with the content between 59.66±0.72 and 82.89±2.16 g/100 g. The AV ranged from 0.1±0.0 to 1.3±0.0 mg KOH/g, and the POV was between 0.1±0.0 and 1.0±0.0 g/100 g. These CSOs showed antioxidant activity based on DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging assay. Both α-tocopherol and β-sitosterol contents showed a positive correlation with DPPH and ABTS values, respectively, while the α-tocopherol content showed a negative correlation with AV. These results suggested that CSO can be categorized into high oleic acid vegetable oil with abundant active constituents, of which the quality presented variation among different origins. These accompaniments may contribute to the delay of its quality deterioration.
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INDUSTRIAL CROPS AND PRODUCTS
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2025
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IF 6.2
Xiaoyan Shen,Liang Chen,An Liu,Hui Qi,Dongning Wei,Ming Deng,Yiji Zhou,Keqin Wang,Xiaofen Wu
Xylo-oligosaccharides (XOS) have demonstrated extensive benefits for health promotion and are widely used in food, medicine, and chemical industries. While lignocellulosic biomass is a common source, the potential of Camellia oleifera shells (COS) as a raw material for XOS production remains underexplored. The study explored the effects of irradiation doses, hydrothermal temperatures, reaction times, and solid-liquid ratios on the preparation of XOS from COS via a novel method involving electron-beam irradiation and hydrothermal treatment. Optimal conditions (200 kGy, 180 °C, 30 min, 1:10 ratio of solid loading) resulted in the XOS yield of 70.35 %, with X 2–4 (XOS of DP 2–4) comprising 23.37 % and a xylose/XOS ratio of 0.21. Meanwhile, minimal by-products were detected, including 0.83 g/L acetic acid and less than 0.50 g/L of formic acid, furfural, and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF). Furthermore, xylanase digestion optimization yielded an X 2–4 concentration of 11.78 g/L and a X 2–4 /XOS ratio of 84.93 %. This approach offers a promising and eco-friendly route for XOS production from COS, with implications for valorizing agricultural waste and advancing sustainable biorefinery practices.
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FOOD CHEMISTRY
·
2025
·
IF 9.8
Lingyuan Zhou,Jiarong She,Qingyang Li,Qiong Zheng,Jie Yang,Maokai Cui,Tiantian Chen,Shiman Sun,Fubin Tang,Yihua Liu
The antioxidant properties of camellia oil (CO) remain insufficiently characterized. Here, multi-omics profiling combined with ABTS, DPPH, and FRAP assays was applied to identify antioxidant-active metabolites (AAMs). Widely-targeted metabolomics detected 2110 metabolites, while fatty acid, tocopherol, and elemental analyses revealed key nutritional contributors. Oleic acid dominated the fatty acid fraction (68.2–82.7 %), α-tocopherol was the major tocopherol (139.78–337.20 mg/kg), and selenium and zinc were the most relevant trace elements. A total of 160 AAMs were defined by OPLS-DA and WGCNA, with over 42 % being non-phenolics. Antioxidant assays indicated ABTS activity was mainly phenolic-driven, whereas DPPH involved both phenolics and amino acids. Network pharmacology linked core AAMs to targets in neurological, cardiovascular, hepatic, and respiratory systems. An integrated metabolic pathway network highlighted the multi-dimensional basis of CO's antioxidant potential. These findings reveal a broader antioxidant architecture beyond phenolics and provide a mechanistic foundation for developing CO as a functional nutraceutical oil.
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FOOD CHEMISTRY
·
2025
·
IF 9.8
Linlin Liu,Chengyu Jin,Yuanchao Lu,Ningxiang Yu,Xiaohua Nie,Qin Ye,Yuanxiang Jin,Xianghe Meng
In this study, a novel aqueous enzymatic extraction (AEE) was developed to prepare camellia oil enriched with polyphenols, and the potential mechanism of in situ phenolics enrichment was explored. Camellia seeds were first subjected to AEE in a 25 % isopropanol solution containing 0.15 M glucose for 4 h, followed by the introduction of α -glycosidase β -glycosidase, or pectinase, and further hydrolysis was performed for 1 to 4 h. A higher free oil yield (FOR, 86.98 %) was obtained. Meanwhile, the highest total phenolic content (TPC) in oil (95.72 ± 1.53 mg GAE/Kg oil) was detected in the 4-h β -glycosidase-treated group, approximately 4-fold that of the control group (20.00 ± 1.02 mg GAE/Kg oil). HPLC analysis of the hydrolysate revealed that typical glycosylated polyphenols declined in the aqueous phase, while the content of less polar polyphenols, such as kaempferol-3-O-sambubioside, rutin, and quercetin, in the oil phase increased. These findings suggest that hydrophilic KGRG and KXR were hydrolyzed into relatively hydrophobic deglycosylated phenolics, which migrated into the oil phase, accounting for the enrichment of phenolics in camellia oil by the novel AEE. Furthermore, the stability of phenolics-abundant camellia oil was evaluated with respect to physicochemical properties, phenolics content, and lipid accompaniments content under various conditions. Results showed that the phenolics and lipid accompaniments remained relatively stable under a nitrogen atmosphere and at 4 °C refrigeration. Hence, the in-situ phenolics enrichment technique developed has the potential to prepare functional camellia oil with high biological activity and stability on a large scale.
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COLLOIDS AND SURFACES A-PHYSICOCHEMICAL AND ENGINEERING ASPECTS
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2026
·
IF 5.4
Yulan Yin,Qianmin Tu,Yuxin Bu,Sinan Feng,Huiting Cai,Qianqian Xu,Ruiyun You,Jing Zhuang,Yudong Lu,Jingbo Chen
Camellia oleifera oil (CO) emulsified by cationic cellulose nanofibrils. • Dual stabilization of CO via emulsion interface and gel network. • High-efficiency encapsulation and sustained release of CO by composite system. • Hydrogel retains strong antioxidant activity after 35 days of storage. In recent years, the skincare concept of nourishing skin with oils has attracted extensive attention. Camellia oleifera oil (CO) is a natural woody skincare oil with both skin barrier repair and antioxidant properties. To overcome the instability of its bioactive components, this study adopts a gel matrix composed of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), tremella fuciformis polysaccharide (TFP) and polydopamine (PDA), loaded with CO Pickering emulsions stabilized by cationic cellulose nanofibrils (CCNF). By combining the oil-in-water emulsification method with a cyclic freeze-thaw strategy, a dual-stabilization structure of emulsion encapsulation and hydrogel network was constructed. The resultant hydrogel integrates excellent dynamic adhesion and mechanical properties, with a water holding capacity of 93.21% and a CO encapsulation efficiency of 80.38%. It enables long-term sustained release of CO for 120 h, and the release behavior follows the Fickian diffusion mechanism. It achieves DPPH and ABTS free radical scavenging ratio of 88.1% and 97.14%, respectively, with no significant attenuation of antioxidant activity during the 35 days storage period. The hydrogel also possesses favorable bacteriostatic activity and biocompatibility, with a hemolysis ratio below 5%, no skin irritation and no in vivo toxicity. This study provides a novel approach for the protection and delivery of CO as well as the green design of skincare hydrogels. Download: Download high-res image (196KB) Download: Download full-size image
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Current Research in Food Science
·
2023
·
IF 6.3
Ningxiang Yu,Yijue Wang,Shengxin Shao,Jie Li,Mengren Li,Lizhong Zhu,Qin Ye,Weiwei Huan,Xianghe Meng
To explore the effect and its mechanism of alkali-assisted phosphorylation on the functional properties of Camellia Oleifera seeds cake glutelin (CSCG), CSCG was treated with different concentration of sodium trimetaphosphate (STMP, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, and 5%, w/v) in different pH environment (3.0, 5.0, 7.0, 9.0, and 11.0). The results showed that alkali assist improved the phosphorylation degree of CSCG, and the optimum pH value is 9.0. FT-IR and XPS confirmed the successful modification of phosphate groups on CSCG through covalent interaction. Alkali-assisted phosphorylation decreased the particle size and increased electronegativity of CSCG, as well as changed in its surface hydrophobicity, crystallinity, and intrinsic fluorescence. All these changes of protein structure triggered by alkali-assisted phosphorylation led to the improvement of water solubility, water/oil absorption capacity, emulsifying ability, foamability, and in vitro digestibility of CSCG. This work could provide a theoretical basis for industrial production of CSCG with excellent functional properties.
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FOOD CHEMISTRY
·
2023
·
IF 8.8
Xinjin Yu,Zhimei Zhao,Xiaoli Yan,Jianhua Xie,Qiang Yu,Yi Chen
Traditional organic solvent extractions of tea saponins have many drawbacks. This study aimed to establish an environment-friendly and efficient technology based on deep eutectic solvents (DESs) to extract tea saponins from Camellia oleifera seed meal. The solvent consisting of choline chloride and methylurea was screened as optimal DES. Under the optimal extraction conditions obtained by response surface methodology, the extraction yield of tea saponins reached 94.36 mg/g, which increased by 27% compared with ethanol extraction, while the extraction time was reduced by 50%. Analysis of UV, FT-IR, and UPLC-Q/TOF-MS indicated tea saponins did not alter during DES extraction. Surface activity and emulsification evaluation showed that extracted tea saponins could reduce interfacial tension at the oil–water interface with excellent foamability and foam stability, and they could form nanoemulsions ( d 32 < 200 nm) with excellent stability. This study provides a suitable approach for the efficient extraction of tea saponins.
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