POLYMER DEGRADATION AND STABILITY
·
2024
·
IF 6.3
Zongsheng Liu,Meng Ma,Baoli Huang,Zhaoliang Jiang,Yi Zheng,Bangdong Ge,Si Chen,Yanqin Shi,Huiwen He,Yulu Zhu,Xu Wang
Sulfonate is considered to be the best flame retardant, which can endow polycarbonate (PC) excellent flame retardancy with low addition. Unfortunately, the water absorption and solubility of sulfonate will increase the cost of transportation and storage. In addition, sulfonate flame retardant is easy to migrate and precipitate from PC composites resulting in a negative impact on the sustainable use of PC materials. To ameliorate this issue, a sulfonate flame retardant (CSPS) with unparalleled hydrophobicity and thermal stability was synthesized through the incorporation of sodium p-styrene sulfonate as the main chain of crosslinked polystyrene. The PC/CSPS composites could pass UL 94 test V-0 rating with 0.3 wt.% CSPS addition, and the LOI is increased from 24.5 % to 31.4 %. Simultaneously, the PC/CSPS composites preserve their initial transparency. Moreover, the combustion test results indicated that the peak of heat release rate (PHRR) and the peak of smoke production rate (PSPR) of PC/CSPS-0.3 composites decreased by 40 % and 41 % respectively, and the time to reach PHRR and PSPR increased by 35.8 % and 56.5 % respectively. These results were attributed to the catalytic char formation and gas phase limitation of CSPS, which made PC composites with higher fire safety. Importantly, the PC/CSPS-0.3 composites can maintain tensile strength similar to that of PC. This research proposes a simplified and efficient methodology for fabricating PC composites with outstanding water resistance, flame retardancy, transparency, and mechanical fortitude, which is of considerable importance for the application of PC composites in emerging fields.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
高分子化学
·
消防安全工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
POLYMER INTERNATIONAL
·
2015
·Vol. 64
·期 9
·1275-1288
·
IF 2.409
Zaihang Zheng,Ting Yang,Bingnan Wang,Bingbing Qu,Hongyan Wang
In this paper, a facile method is introduced to modify melamine phosphate (MP) via the sol–gel process. The aim was simultaneously to increase the water resistance of MP and improve the dispersion and compatibility of MP in acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymer (ABS). In addition, the incorporation of SiO 2 particles into the MP/dipentaerythritol (DPER) system can further ameliorate the char-forming ability and enhance the flame retardant properties of polymer composites. The chemical structure and surface morphology of SiO 2 @MP were confirmed and observed by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, SEM and TEM, respectively. The results demonstrate that ABS/SiO 2 @MP/DPER (3/1) at a loading of 30 phr reaches 31.2% limiting oxygen index and achieves a UL-94 V-0 rating. Moreover, FTIR spectra indicate that the main char-forming process of the SiO 2 @MP/DPER system occurs at 365–420 °C. A potential condensed flame retardant mechanism of SiO 2 @MP and DPER in ABS composites is proposed via the systematic analysis of char residue after combustion by FTIR spectroscopy, SEM and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry
研究领域:
材料科学
·
高分子化学
·
消防安全工程
✓ 已验证
DOI
高影响因子
POLYMER
·
2025
·
IF 4.5
Yang Gou,Yi-fan Zha,De-xiang Sun,Jing-hui Yang,Yong Wang
The inherent flammability of epoxy resin remains a critical challenge in material applications. To address this issue while overcoming the common drawbacks of flame-retardant additives-including poor miscibility with epoxy matrices, deterioration of mechanical properties, and long-term leaching - recent research has focused on developing efficient reactive flame retardants capable of participating in epoxy curing reactions. In this study, a novel multifunctional reactive flame retardant (TD-DOPO) synthesized through a one-step reaction of tyramine, 1,4-benzaldehyde, and 9,10-dihydro-9-oxo-10-phosphanthracene-10-oxide (DOPO) was presented. In the epoxy system, TD-DOPO demonstrated exceptional flame-retardant performance via a biphasic synergistic mechanism, achieving UL-94 V-0 rating at a remarkably low phosphorus content of merely 0.2 wt%, and the peak heat release rate (PHRR) and total heat release (THR) were also reduced by 31.5 % and 22.4 %, respectively. Concurrently, the limiting oxygen index (LOI) increased significantly from 22.2 % to 33.1 %. Notably, the multiple reactive sites of TD-DOPO not only synergistically modulated the epoxy ring-opening kinetics but also facilitated the formation of a hierarchical crosslinked network due to its inherent rigid molecular structure. This unique molecular architecture simultaneously enhanced the mechanical properties of the composite, resulting in a 29.6 % improvement in toughness. Furthermore, the tensile and flexural modulus increased to 2183.5 MPa and 3909.8 MPa, respectively, while excellent thermal properties were maintained. This work demonstrates that the design and synthesis of novel multi-reactive center flame retardants represents a straightforward yet effective strategy for developing flame retardant epoxy resin with good comprehensive performances.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
高分子化学
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火灾安全工程
·
化学合成
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL
·
2025
·
IF 13.2
Yubo Chen,Siyuan He,Yaxun Huang,Liping Jin,Lei Liu,Yu Guan,Congke Gu,Chenpeng Ji,Wenwen Guo
With growing emphasis on environmental protection and sustainable development, developing high-performance bio-based epoxy resins has become a central focus to reduce reliance on petroleum-derived curing agents. This study presents a novel approach by synthesizing three types of cardanol-based flame-retardant epoxy curing agents, C1-DPP-MA, C2-PDP-MA, and C3-POC-MA, as sustainable bio-based alternatives to conventional petroleum-derived curing agents. The structures of these curing agents were confirmed through FTIR and NMR spectroscopy. Flame-retardant epoxy resins (DGEBA/C1-DPP-MA (EP1), DGEBA/C2-PDP-MA (EP2), and DGEBA/C3-POC-MA (EP3)) were prepared via thermal polymerization, with DGEBA/MHHPA (EP0) serving as a control. Kinetic analysis revealed that the curing activation energies of EP1, EP2, and EP3 were all higher than that of EP0, which can be attributed to the steric hindrance of the cardanol-derived curing agent molecules. Among the three cardanol-based epoxy resins, EP1 and EP2 demonstrated superior flame retardancy compared to EP3, with Limiting Oxygen Index (LOI) values of 28 % and 27 %, respectively. UL-94 tests showed that EP1 achieved V -0 ratings. Cone calorimetry tests further confirmed their enhanced flame retardancy, with EP1 and EP2 showing reductions in peak heat release rate (PHRR) by 52.8 % and 37.8 %, respectively, and significant decreases in total heat release (THR). Additionally, the cardanol structure's long, flexible side chains improved toughness and elongation at break in EP1. Moreover, a carbon nanofiber (CNF)-reinforced composite (EP1CF) was synthesized from EP1, significantly enhancing its thermal stability, flame retardancy, and mechanical properties. This study introduces a promising approach for designing bio-based epoxy resins with superior overall properties, contributing to the advancement of environmentally friendly flame-retardant materials by synergistically incorporating CNFs with cardanol-based curing agents.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
高分子化学
·
环境科学
·
化学工程
·
纳米技术
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING MATERIALS
·
2024
·
IF 7.4
Jia-Xiang Yang,Yu Sun,Wan-Meng Song,Yun Liu
As a kind of plant fiber, ramie fibers (RFs) are widely used in fiber reinforced resin matrix composites, however, both of RFs and resin matrix are flammable. Enhancing the flame retardancy of ramie fiber reinforced epoxy composites is important. In this study, a highly efficient flame retardant, PBXY, was synthesized from phytic acid, boric acid, and xylitol to improve the flame retardancy of ramie fibers, and flame-retardant ramie fiber reinforced epoxy composites (EP/RF-PBXYs) with different weight gain were prepared by coating PBXY on the surface of ramie fibers. The effects of different weight gain of PBXY on the thermal stability, flame retardancy, and mechanical properties of EP/RF-PBXYs were investigated. Compared with that of EP/RF, the limiting oxygen index value of EP/RF-PBXY2 was increased from 23.0 % to 31.4 % and a UL-94 V-0 rating was obtained, the total heat release and total smoke production were reduced by 33.2 % and 31.0 %. However, the presence of PBXY had a negative effect on the mechanical properties of EP/RF when the weight gain of PBXY was more than 10 wt% (related to RFs). This study offers a promising avenue to improve the flame-retardant resistance of EP/RF.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
化学工程
·
高分子科学
·
消防安全工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
JOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE
·
2024
·
IF 2.7
Chao Ling,Wen Zhang,Zhengzhou Wang
The preparation of biomass flame retardants with efficient flame-retardant properties is conducive to the realization of sustainable development and is of great practical significance. In this work, a green and sustainable biomass flame retardant PATAPEI was prepared by using phytic acid (PA), tannic acid (TA), and polyethyleneimine (PEI) as reactants via a one-step method to develop biomass flame retardants that can synchronize enhanced flame retardation, smoke suppression, and mechanical performance of epoxy resin (EP). The EP with only a 3% PATAPEI (EP/3PTP) has a LOI value of 28.5% with a UL-94 V-0 classification. The peak heat release rate (PHRR), total heat release (THR), and total smoke release (TSR) of EP/3PTP were decreased by 29.72%, 25.80%, and 21.16%, respectively, in comparison with the ones of pure EP. Additionally, the tensile and impact strengths of EP/3PTP are higher than the ones of pure EP. PATAPEI on heating decomposes to produce phosphorus-containing acids and biphenyltriol-containing compounds, which promote to form a good char layer with the aromatic structures during the combustion of EP/3PTP. Therefore, PATAPEI has prospects of wide application in the development of sustainable biomass flame retardant EP.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
化学工程
·
可持续化学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
EUROPEAN POLYMER JOURNAL
·
2022
·
IF 5.546
Quan Fang,Yuanyuan Zhan,Xu Chen,Rongkai Wu,Weijia Zhang,Yu Wang,Xujuan Wu,Yunlong He,Juanjuan Zhou,Bihe Yuan
A bio-based intumescent flame retardant (IFR) was designed and synthesized by employing a simple and environment-friendly strategy. Via electrostatic interaction, chitosan (CS) and amino trimethylphosphonic acid (ATMP) as organic shells are deposited on the inorganic core of ammonium polyphosphate (APP) to form the core–shell flame retardant (APP@CS@ATMP). Then, agar (AG) is used as a charring agent candidate that combines with APP@CS@ATMP to fabricate a bio-based IFR. The application of APP@CS@ATMP and AG in polylactic acid (PLA) is effective in improving its flame retardancy and anti-dripping properties. The PLA composite including 20 wt% APP@CS@ATMP/AG (APP@CS@ATMP:AG = 3:1) can achieve the optimal flame-retardant effect and a UL-94 V-0 rating with a slight melt-dripping phenomenon. Furthermore, the peak heat release rate and total heat release significantly decrease in the cone calorimetric tests contrasted with those of pure PLA. The flame-retardant mechanism of APP@CS@ATMP/AG is revealed by analyzing the pyrolysis gaseous products during the thermal decomposition and the morphology and structure of char residues. This work provides a facile and sustainable route to construct bio-based polymer composites with excellent fire-safety properties.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
高分子化学
·
消防安全工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
CHEMOSPHERE
·
2022
·
IF 8.943
Jia-Hui Chen,Jia-Hui Lu,Xiao-Lu Pu,Li Chen,Yu-Zhong Wang
Flame retardancy and recyclability are two important issues in the research field of thermosets, particularly for epoxy resin (EP) with the biggest market share. It is of great importance, but rarely achievable, to integrate these properties simultaneously into EP. Herein, we report a facile way to prepare intrinsically flame-retardant epoxy vitrimers combining rapid recycling and multiple shape memory effects by introducing dynamic ester-linkages with catalytic transesterification activity into the crosslinking networks of EP. The flame-retardant epoxy vitrimers exhibited high T g (∼110.7 °C), desirable thermal stability and excellent flame retardancy with UL-94 V-0 rating, and high LOI of ∼34%. Also, the value of the peak heat release rate (PHRR) and the total heat release (THR) showed 63% and 32% reduction, respectively. Meanwhile, flame-retardant epoxy vitrimers showed high malleability that could be reprocessed in 15 min at 200 °C without sacrificing the mechanical properties and flame retardancy. Moreover, the dynamic transesterification network allowed flame-retardant EP to access multiple shape memory effect. The design of flame-retardant epoxy vitrimers provide a prime example to foster the cyclic utilization of flame-retardant thermosetting polymers.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
高分子化学
·
消防安全工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
Polymers
·
2021
·Vol. 13
·期 16
·2646
·
IF 4.329
Kunpeng Song,Yinjie Wang,Fang Ruan,Weiwei Yang,Zhuqing Fang,Dongsen Zheng,Xueli Li,Nianhua Li,Meizhuang Qiao,Jiping Liu
Developing superior properties of epoxy resin composites with high fire resistance, light smoke, and low toxicity has been the focus of the research in the flame-retardant field. In particular, it is essential to decrease the emissions of toxic gases and smoke particles generated during the thermal decomposition of epoxy resin (EP) to satisfy the industrial requirements for environmental protection and safety. Consequently, the PZS@ZIF-67 composite was designed and synthesized by employing the hydroxyl group-containing polyphosphazene (poly(cyclotriphosphazene-co-4,4′-dihydroxydiphenylsulfone), PZS) as both the interfacial compatibility and an in situ template and the ZIF-67 nanocrystal as a nanoscale coating and flame-retardant cooperative. ZIF-67 nanocrystal with multidimensional nanostructures was uniformly wrapped on the surface of PZS microspheres. Subsequently, the acquired PZS@ZIF-67 composite was incorporated into the epoxy resin to prepare composite samples for the study of their fire safety, toxicity suppression, and mechanical performance. Herein, the EP/5% PZS@ZIF-67 passed the V-0 rating in a UL-94 test with a 31.9% limit oxygen index value. More precisely, it is endowed with a decline of 51.08%, 28.26%, and 37.87% of the peak heat release rate, the total heat release, and the total smoke production, respectively. In addition, the unique structure of PZS@ZIF-67 microsphere presented a slight impact on the mechanical properties of EP composites at low loading. The PZS@ZIF-67 possible flame-retardant mechanism was speculated based on the analysis of the condensed phase and the gas phase of EP composites.Keywords:flame retardant;polyphosphazenes;ZIF-67;epoxy resin;mechanism of flame retardant
研究领域:
材料科学
·
高分子化学
·
消防安全工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL MACROMOLECULES
·
2023
·
IF 8.2
Lei Wang,Kun Wu,Chi-Jie Ding,Jun-Jie Min,Hao-Ping Chen,Zhi-Hao Liu,Dan-Ni Xi,Hong-Yan Zeng,Jian Jian,Sheng Xu
Due to the inherent defect of flammability of polypropylene (PP), a novel and highly efficient carbon microspheres@layered double hydroxides@copper lignosulfonate (CMSs@LDHs@CLS) flame retardant was designed and prepared, which was attributed to the strong electrostatic interaction between carbon microspheres (CMSs), layered double hydroxides (LDHs) and lignosulfonate as well as the chelation effect of lignosulfonate on copper ions , and then it was incorporated into the PP matrix. Significantly, CMSs@LDHs@CLS not only observably improved its dispersibility in PP matrix, but also simultaneously achieved excellent flame retardant properties for composites. With the addition of 20.0 % CMSs@LDHs@CLS, the limit oxygen index of CMSs@LDHs@CLS and PP composites (PP/CMSs@LDHs@CLS) reached 29.3 % and achieved the UL-94 V-0 rating. Cone calorimeter tests indicated that the peak heat release rate, total heat release and total smoke production of PP/CMSs@LDHs@CLS composites exhibited declines of 28.8 %, 29.2 % and 11.5 %, respectively, compared with those of PP/CMSs@LDHs composites. These advancements were attributed to the better dispersibility of CMSs@LDHs@CLS in PP matrix and illustrated that CMSs@LDHs@CLS observably reduced fire hazards of PP. The flame retardant property of CMSs@LDHs@CLS might relate to condensed phase flame retardant effect of char layer and catalytic charring of copper oxides.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
高分子科学
·
消防安全工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
POLYMER DEGRADATION AND STABILITY
·
2023
·
IF 5.9
Yifang He,Xinyu Cui,Zhishuo Liu,Fujie Lan,Jun Sun,Hongfei Li,Xiaoyu Gu,Sheng Zhang
Aiming to develop high performance flame-retardant epoxy resin (EP), a novel phosphorus-containing flame retardant named 6-(3-(2-hydroxyphenyl)propyl)dibenzo-[1,2]oxaphosphinine 6-oxide (HP-DOPO) was synthesized and employed as a multi-functional additive for EP with simultaneously excellent flame retardancy, transmittance, mechanical enhancement and anti-aging. With 5 wt.% loading of HP-DOPO, EP composites showed outstanding flame retardancy with a high limiting oxygen index of 35.6 % and V-0 rating in UL-94 test, while the cone calorimetric test results demonstrated that HP-DOPO could efficiently restrain the heat and smoke release. Compared with pure EP, the resultant EP/5 %HP-DOPO exhibited superior mechanical properties with 27.9 % and 56.2 % increase in tensile and impact strengths, respectively. Furthermore, HP-DOPO accelerated the curing procedure and did not sacrifice the transparency of cured EP, while anti-aging performance was obtained at the same time. The exploration of this novel multi-functional additive provided a powerful basis for the technologies and potential industrial applications of epoxy materials.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
化学工程
·
高分子科学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
POLYMER DEGRADATION AND STABILITY
·
2025
·
IF 7.4
Chang Wang,Min Hu,Yanji Wu,Haiyun Ma,Jianzhong Xu
Biomass-derived cellulose aerogels have garnered significant attention in recent years due to their renewability and sustainability. Here, we introduce a completely biomass typha orientalis fibers (TOFs) based aerogel which possesses excellent flame retardancy and fire warning performance. Both cellulose and lignin were effectively preserved to maximize the utilization of the biomass TOFs during the pretreatment. The TOFs were then crosslinked with the biomass flame retardant ammonium phytate. The resulting TOFs based aerogel possesses a low density (48 mg/cm 3 ) and excellent thermal insulation properties. Meanwhile, robust flame retardancy was also achieved, its UL-94 rating easily reaches V-0 grade, with a limiting oxygen index (LOI) as high as 78 %. In addition, based on the stable phosphorus doping char structure during combustion, the TOFs based aerogel also shows fire warning performance. It can respond quickly upon flame and continue to trigger alarm for up to 1.5 h. Moreover, the resulting TOFs based aerogel demonstrates excellent reusability in fire early warning up to 30 times. The present full biomass-based aerogel not only provide a fire warning capability but also contribute to the suppression of flame spread, thereby enhancing the overall safety.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
高分子科学
·
消防安全工程
·
可持续化学
·
纳米技术
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
危险品化学品经营许可证（带存储）