FOOD CONTROL
·
2021
·
IF 5.548
Jian Guo,Jiaoyu Wang,Hui Xie,Junlong Jiang,Chunyuan Li,Wanting Li,Ling Li,Xingquan Liu,Fucheng Lin
The continuous usage of fungicides poses a potential threat to the environment, ranging from mere irritation to being very toxic to human beings and organisms. Plasma-activated water (PAW) has recently gained much interest as a promising candidate to inactivate phytopathogens. However, the inactivation mechanisms of PAW are still not well understood. In this study, the effect of PAW on the cellular responses of Fusarium graminearum and the efficacy of PAW against F. graminearum in vivo and in vitro were investigated. The results showed that microbial activity of spores was significantly inhibited by PAW treatment ( P < 0.05 ) . The symptoms caused by F. graminearum were significantly reduced on the wheat spikelets. PAW could induce cell wall sculpturing, membrane permeability changes, and mitochondrial dysfunction. Differential gene expression analysis also confirmed that the cell membrane, the cell wall and the mitochondria were the organelles most affected by PAW. The results from this study facilitate the understanding of the mechanisms underlying the responses of F. graminearum to PAW and indicate the potential of PAW as a fungicidal agent or an effective supplement to fungicides.
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ChemistrySelect
·
2022
·Vol. 7
·期 43
·e202201546
·
IF 2.307
Yue Ma,Rui Zhou,Xiong-Fei Luo,An-Ping Li,Rui Wang,Bao-Qi Zhang,Han Zhou,Tian-Lin Wu,Yi-Rong Wang,Jun-Xia An,Zhi-Jun Zhang,Wen-Bin Zhao,Cheng-Jie Yang,Yan Yan Ding,Ying-Qian Liu
Graphical Twenty-one phenolic compounds such as thymol and carvacrol were selected as the research objects to screen the antifungal activities against 6 phytopathogenic fungi. The best antifungal compound Z-5 and the most sensitive strain ( Fusarium graminearum ) were selected as further research objects. The mechanism was preliminarily discussed from the aspects of cell membrane destruction, oxidative stress, deoxynivalenol content, etc., which provided new ideas for the prevention and treatment of Fusarium graminearum . Phytopathogenic fungi infections have become a major threat to reduce crop yields and dampen human health globally. The mycelium growth inhibition method was adopted to evaluate the antifungal activity of commercially available natural and natural-like phenols, bioassay results showed that most phenolic compounds exhibited excellent fungicidal activity against Fusarium graminearum , Rhizoctonia solani , Botrytis cinerea , Fusarium oxysporum f. sp . Vasinfectum, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum , and Magnaporthe oryzae . Particularly, compound Z-5 exhibited an excellent inhibition rate of 100.00 % at 100 μg/mL and EC 50 value of 3.20 μg/mL against Fusarium graminearum. In addition, compound Z-5 displayed the best efficacy and superior fungicidal activity compared to azoxystrobin (EC 50 =9.78 μg/mL) based on mycelial growth and spore germination. Significantly, compound Z-5 at 200 μg/mL reduced 4-deoxynivalenol production by over 98 % compared to the control, through down-regulation of the gene expression of Tri5 and Tri6. Preliminary mechanism studies revealed that compound Z-5 might exert its fungicidal activity by inducing accumulation of reactive oxygen species and lipid peroxidation, and causing cell membrane destruction and DNA synthesis interference. This study demonstrated the potent fungicidal activity of the natural-like phenolic compound Z-5 and highlighted its potential as an alternative agent to control F. graminearum .
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Microorganisms
·
2023
·Vol. 11
·期 12
·2954
·
IF 4.5
Shufang Sun,Nawen Tang,Kun Han,Qunqing Wang,Qian Xu
Applying plant-derived fungicides is a safe and sustainable way to control wheat scab. In this study, volatile organic compounds (VOCs) of wheat cultivars with and without the resistance geneFhb1were analyzed by GC-MS, and 2-phenylethanol was screened out. The biocontrol function of 2-phenylethanol onFusarium graminearumwas evaluated in vitro and in vivo. Metabolomics analysis indicated that 2-phenylethanol altered the amino acid pathways ofF. graminearum, affecting its normal life activities. Under SEM and TEM observation, the mycelial morphology changed, and the integrity of the cell membrane was destroyed. Furthermore, 2-phenylethanol could inhibit the production of mycotoxins (DON, 3-ADON, 15-ADON) byF. graminearumand reduce grain contamination. This research provides new ideas for green prevention and control of wheat FHB in the field.Keywords:2-phenylethanol;Fusarium graminearum;volatile organic compounds (VOCs);antifungal mechanism;metabolomics
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APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY
·
2023
·Vol. 89
·期 3
·
IF 4.4
Ling Wang,Xiaowei Wu,Chenghua Gao,Lingrui Wei,Qian Li,Aitao Li
In this study, a new cytochrome P450 enzyme, namely, CYP68J5_Fusarium graminearum (CYP68J5_fg), was identified from Fusarium graminearum via a combination of transcriptome sequencing and heterologous expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The biotransformation of progesterone by whole-cells of S. cerevisiae expressing CYP68J5_fg revealed that the CYP68J5_fg possessed steroidal 12β- and 15α-hydroxylase activities. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that a fungal P450 enzyme with 12β-hydroxylase activity has been identified. This advance offers opportunities to boost the efficiency and selectivity of the CYP68J5_fg hydroxylating system and thus shows great potential for further applications of this enzyme for the synthesis of steroid drugs.IMPORTANCE Regioselective and stereoselective hydroxylation is of vital importance in the functionalization of steroids, which remains challenging in organic synthesis. In particular, the C12-hydroxy steroids play a significant role in the synthesis of many important steroidal drugs. In this study, a novel fungal P450 enzyme with 12β-hydroxylation activity was identified, and it shows different substrate specificity and regioselectivity, compared to the bacterial and fungal steroidal hydroxylases that are known to date. This lays the foundation for the creation of effective biocatalysts for the process of 12β-hydroxylation, although further understanding of the molecular structural basis of this fungal P450 is needed to facilitate the engineering of this enzyme for industrial applications.
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FOOD CHEMISTRY
·
2026
·
IF 10.4
Yating Cheng,Hang Yu,Longxiang Wang,Guangshuang Tu,Shah Meer Muhammad,Xiaoyuan Gong,Xinyu Lei,Jiarui Dong,Xia Fan,Shuai Wang
Carvacrol, cinnamaldehyde and citral inhibited F. graminearum development and DON production, outperforming SDA. • Three essential oils (EOs) downregulated key TRI genes, whereas SDA paradoxically upregulated TRI11 and failed to effectively suppress DON production. • Three EOs disrupted cell walls, membranes and mitochondrial integrity. • Multi-omics revealed EOs disruption of terpenoid and energy metabolism. • Carvacrol-cinnamaldehyde mixtures reduced wheat crown rot and DON. This study aims to identify eco-friendly essential oils (EOs) with dual antifungal and anti-mycotoxigenic activity against Fusarium graminearum , a destructive cereal pathogen associated with yield loss and deoxynivalenol (DON) contamination, compare their bioactivity and elucidate the underlying mechanisms. Among the seven tested EOs, carvacrol, cinnamaldehyde and citral were the most effective, markedly inhibiting mycelial growth, conidial germination, and DON production. These EOs showed greater inhibitory activity than sodium diacetate (SDA), which upregulated key TRI genes. Multi-omics analyses revealed that the tested EOs induced cell wall and membrane damage, mitochondrial dysfunction and perturbations in critical metabolic pathways, including terpenoid biosynthesis and energy metabolism. Wheat seedling assays further demonstrated that carvacrol, cinnamaldehyde and their synergistic combinations substantially reduced crown rot and DON accumulation, whereas SDA exacerbated the disease. These findings identify promising EO candidates and provide a robust scientific basis for developing EO-based sustainable biocontrol strategies against F. graminearum in wheat. Download: Download high-res image (287KB) Download: Download full-size image
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POSTHARVEST BIOLOGY AND TECHNOLOGY
·
2023
·
IF 7
Xiuling Meng,Weijie Wu,Ben Niu,Ruiling Liu,Huizhi Chen,Haiyan Gao,Hangjun Chen
Perillaldehyde , the predominant antimicrobial compound found in Perilla , offers a safe and highly efficient solution for the preservation of fruits and vegetables. This study delved into the inhibitory potential of perillaldehyde against Fusarium graminearum , the primary postharvest pathogen affecting ginger. The current research encompassed both in vitro and in vivo investigations. Our results revealed that the minimum inhibitory concentration of perillaldehyde required to combat F. graminearum was 240 µL·L −1 . At this concentration, perillaldehyde exhibited remarkable efficacy in reducing ginger disease rates, with a staggering 99.9% inhibition in mycelium growth. Furthermore, perillaldehyde disrupted the integrity of the fungal cell membrane, hence elevated outer membrane permeability . This resulted in the leakage of proteins, sugars, nucleic acids , and an increase in electrical conductivity within F. graminearum . Notably, perillaldehyde treatment led to a substantial increase in malondialdehyde content in F. graminearum , which was 2.5 times higher than the control group. It also significantly reduced ergosterol content and ATPase activity by 87% and 85%, respectively. The presence of reactive oxygen species (ROS) increased, exacerbating membrane peroxidation damage. Electron microscopy unveiled the transformative impact of perillaldehyde on F. graminearum . Perillaldehyde induced extensive shrinkage, morphological thinning, spatial structure folding, and the leakage of essential cell nutrients, cell wall membranes, and organelle damage. In summary, perillaldehyde's mode of action disrupts the energy supply and metabolism of mycelia, ultimately inducing apoptosis and proving to be a potent inhibitor of F. graminearum . Its application in preserving fresh ginger effectively extended the nutritional quality of the product, demonstrating its potential as an efficient preservative. This biological preservation technique offers convenience over traditional physical methods and addresses concerns related to chemical residue, thereby opening new avenues for ginger green preservation technology.
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MOLECULES
·
2024
·Vol. 29
·期 9
·1996
·
IF 4.2
Yilin Zheng,Yuqi Geng,Wenlong Hou,Zhe Li,Caihong Cheng,Xiuping Wang,Yuedong Yang
The wheat scab caused byFusarium graminearum(F. graminearum) has seriously affected the yield and quality of wheat in China. In this study, gallic acid (GA), a natural polyphenol, was used to synthesize three azole-modified gallic acid derivatives (AGAs1–3). The antifungal activity of GA and its derivatives againstF. graminearumwas studied through mycelial growth rate experiments and field efficacy experiments. The results of the mycelial growth rate test showed that the EC50of AGAs–2 was 0.49 mg/mL, and that of AGAs–3 was 0.42 mg/mL. The biological activity of AGAs–3 onF. graminearumis significantly better than that of GA. The results of field efficacy tests showed that AGAs–2 and AGAs–3 significantly reduced the incidence rate and disease index of wheat scab, and the control effect reached 68.86% and 72.11%, respectively. In addition, preliminary investigation was performed on the possible interaction between AGAs–3 andF. graminearumusing density functional theory (DFT). These results indicate that compound AGAs–3, because of its characteristic of imidazolium salts, has potential for use as a green and environmentally friendly plant-derived antifungal agent for plant pathogenic fungi.
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Frontiers in Microbiology
·
2018
·
IF 4.019
Tian Ye,Tan Yanglan,Yan Zheng,Liao Yucai,Chen Jie,De Boevre Marthe,De Saeger Sarah,Wu Aibo
Fungi belonging to Fusarium genus can infect crops in the field and cause subsequent mycotoxin contamination, which leads to yield and quality losses of agricultural commodities. The mycotoxin zearalenone (ZEN) produced by several Fusarium species (such as F. graminearum and F. culmorum) is a commonly-detected contaminant in foodstuffs, posing a tremendous risk to food safety. Thus, different strategies have been studied to manage toxigenic pathogens and mycotoxin contamination. In recent years, biological control of toxigenic fungi is emerging as an environment-friendly strategy, while Trichoderma is a fungal genus with great antagonistic potentials for controlling mycotoxin producing pathogens. The primary objective of this study was to explore the potentials of selected Trichoderma isolates on ZEN-producing F. graminearum, and the second aim was to investigate the metabolic activity of different Trichoderma isolates on ZEN. Three tested Trichoderma isolates were proved to be potential candidates for control of ZEN producers. In addition, we reported the capacity of Trichoderma to convert ZEN into its reduced and sulfated forms for the first time, and provided evidences that the tested Trichoderma could not detoxify ZEN via glycosylation. This provides more insight in the interaction between ZEN-producing fungi and Trichoderma isolates.
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PLANT JOURNAL
·
2026
·Vol. 127
·期 1
·e71016
·
IF 6.2
Mengying Guo,Jing Xu,Yongjiang Zeng,Huili Huang,Weiran Kong,Zhaomei Qi,Huiquan Liu,Ming Xu
SUMMARY Fusarium head blight (FHB), caused by Fusarium graminearum , poses a significant threat to global wheat production. F . graminearum -mediated suppression of host immunity is critical for infection, yet the underlying mechanisms remain incompletely understood. Fungal chitin deacetylases (CDAs) are known to modify cell wall chitin, a potent microbe-associated molecular pattern, to evade plant defenses. Here, we investigated the CDA family in F. graminearum and identified four secreted paralogs, FgCDA1-4, that are highly induced during wheat infection. Functional analyses confirmed that all four are potent virulence factors, protecting fungal hyphae from degradation by host proteins and suppressing chitin-triggered immunity, including ROS production and callose deposition. Crucially, genetic analysis of single, double, and quadruple deletion mutants revealed a non-additive functional relationship; the virulence defect in multigene mutants was no greater than that of single-gene mutants, pointing to a coordinated mechanism rather than functional redundancy. We subsequently showed through yeast two-hybrid assays, co-immunoprecipitation, and AlphaFold-based structural modeling that FgCDA1-4 physically interact and are likely to assemble into hetero-oligomeric complexes. Our findings uncover a sophisticated immune evasion strategy where F. graminearum deploys a multi-subunit enzymatic complex to ensure robust virulence. This FgCDA complex represents a novel, high-value target for developing durable FHB resistance.
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Food Bioscience
·
2026
·
IF 6.2
Xin Yang,Luzhou Cai,Yueling Luo,Lianqun Wu,Xinyue Wang,Yanping Wu,Kai Zhong,Hong Gao
Fusarium graminearum poses a major threat to global grain production due to its pathogenicity and mycotoxin contamination. This study explored the antifungal effects and characterized molecular alterations of eugenol, a plant-derived phenolic compound, against F. graminearum . An integrated multi-omics strategy combining transcriptomic and lipidomic analyses was employed to characterize stage-specific responses of conidia and mycelia to eugenol, complemented by phenotypic and biochemical assays. Eugenol exhibited pronounced dose-dependent antifungal activity, accompanied by compromised cellular integrity and disruption of lipid homeostasis. Notably, its mode of action displayed clear developmental specificity. In the conidial stage, eugenol may interfere with phosphatidylcholine transport and membrane lipid remodeling, potentially limiting the membrane supply required for polarized growth. In contrast, during the mycelial stage, eugenol exposure correlated with the induction of peroxisome-associated lipid catabolism and stress responses, likely resulting in metabolic imbalance and growth suppression. Collectively, these findings delineate a stage-specific landscape of F. graminearum responses to eugenol and propose a hypothetical model centered on lipid metabolic disruption, supporting the further development of eugenol-based antifungal strategies for controlling F. graminearum .
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JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY
·
2026
·
IF 6.7
Zikuo Li,Haoxue Xia,Yaru He,Xuheng Gao,Songbai Zhang,Wende Liu,Guangfei Tang
Abstract Maize ear rot and stalk rot are mainly caused by Fusarium graminearum, which severely reduces maize yield. This pathogen produces DON mycotoxin to contaminate maize and threaten food safety. Fludioxonil exhibits high control efficacy against this fungus, while its regulatory mechanism remains poorly understood. This study elucidates the molecular mechanism of transcription factor FgHOY1 in response to fludioxonil. FgHOY1 regulates hyphal growth, conidiation, pathogenicity and DON biosynthesis, and ΔFgHOY1 strain shows markedly enhanced fludioxonil resistance. Fludioxonil treatment significantly downregulates the expression of FgHOY1. Meanwhile, FgHOY1 directly binds to the OS1 promoter to modulate transcription and regulates Hog1 phosphorylation. This study clarifies the FgHOY1-mediated regulatory pathway of fludioxonil resistance, providing a theoretical basis for exploring fungicide-resistance networks, disease green prevention and rational fungicide application.
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PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY
·
2022
·
IF 4.966
Huiyuan Wang,Yunpeng Gai,Youfu Zhao,Minhui Wang,Zhonghua Ma
The calcium-calcineurin and high-osmolarity glycerol (HOG) pathways play crucial roles in fungal development , pathogenicity , and in responses to various environmental stresses. However, interaction of these pathways in regulating fungicide sensitivity remains largely unknown in phytopathogenic fungi. In this study, we investigated the function of the calcium-calcineurin signalling pathway in Fusarium graminearum , the causal agent of Fusarium head blight. Inhibitors of Ca 2+ and calcineurin enhanced antifungal activity of tebuconazole (an azole fungicide) against F. graminearum . Deletion of the putative downstream transcription factor FgCrz1 resulted in significantly increased sensitivity of F. graminearum to tebuconazole. FgCrz1-GFP was translocated to the nucleus upon tebuconazole treatment in a calcineurin-dependent manner. In addition, deletion of FgCrz1 increased the phosphorylation of FgHog1 in response to tebuconazole. Moreover, the calcium-calcineurin and HOG signalling pathways exhibited synergistic effect in regulating pathogenicity and sensitivity of F. graminearum to tebuconazole and multiple other stresses. RNA-seq data revealed that FgCrz1 regulated expression of a set of non-CYP51 genes that are associated with tebuconazole sensitivity, including multidrug transporters, membrane lipid biosynthesis and metabolism, and cell wall organization. Our findings demonstrate that the calcium-calcineurin and HOG pathways act coordinately to orchestrate tebuconazole sensitivity and pathogenicity in F. graminearum , which may provide novel insights in management of Fusarium disease.
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