3-sucCA (3-Succinylated cholic acid) is a microbial derived bile acid. 3-sucCA is a lumen-restricted metabolite and alleviates alleviates MAFL-MASH progression in mouse models by reshaping the gut microbiota, especially by promoting the growth of Akkermansia muciniphila. 3-sucCA levels are lower in patients with biopsy-proven MAFLD.