The development of type 2 diabetes involves multiple mechanisms, including insulin resistance, declining pancreatic β-cell function, abnormal glucagon regulation, and an impaired incretin effect. Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) rapidly processes GLP-1 and GIP and is therefore an important ...
GLP-1R, GIPR, and GCGR jointly regulate pancreatic hormone secretion, hepatic glucose output, feeding behavior, and energy metabolism. Multi-receptor agonists improve the overall metabolic treatment of obesity and type 2 diabetes by balancing glucose-lowering effects, appetite suppression, and ...
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