Cell fate is determined not only by signaling cascades composed of receptors, kinases, and transcription factors, but also by two more fundamental regulatory processes. Metabolic enzymes control the direction and rate of nutrient conversion, thereby determining the energy, biosynthetic ...
Cellular metabolic enzymes are not merely responsible for the chemical conversion of “substrate to product”; they form a highly coupled functional system spanning energy supply, redox homeostasis, and signal transduction.