Microorganisms can rapidly release excess carbon and generate ATP through acetate-producing pathways, while also activating extracellular acetate into acetyl-CoA. Phosphotransacetylase, acetate kinase, and acetyl-CoA synthetase jointly regulate acetate production, reutilization, and the ...
Glycerol is an important intermediate of lipid catabolism and also a representative non-sugar carbon source in fermentation engineering and metabolic engineering. Unlike classical substrates such as glucose, glycerol must undergo specific transport, phosphorylation, or dehydrogenation steps ...