The superoxide anion radical (O₂•⁻) participates in redox signaling and also serves as an important precursor of hydrogen peroxide, peroxynitrite, and other reactive species. Because it is short-lived and highly reactive, detection results depend strongly on probe specificity, the reaction ...
The skin is chronically exposed to multiple oxidative environments, including ultraviolet radiation, air pollution, ozone, visible light, and endogenous metabolic stress. The key to maintaining cutaneous homeostasis does not lie in a single antioxidant ingredient, but in a continuous defense ...
Superoxide dismutase (SOD) is one of the most important antioxidant defense enzymes in biological systems. It catalyzes the dismutation of superoxide anion radicals (O2•−) to generate hydrogen peroxide and molecular oxygen, thereby suppressing the amplification of reactive oxygen species and ...