计算溶液所需的质量、体积或浓度。
BioReagent,标曲法 级 ,适用于对基线干扰要求严格的色谱和分析工作流程。
2-8°C储存,避光,-20°C储存。超低温运输 。请查阅批次 COA 获取详细规格。
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在色谱分析、有机合成和交叉偶联反应领域已被 0 篇同行评审文献引用。
总谷胱甘肽(T-GSH)包括还原型(GSH)和氧化型(GSSG)谷胱甘肽。GSSG 又称为二硫代谷胱甘肽, 由两分子的还原型谷胱甘肽氧化而成。谷胱甘肽能帮助保持正常的免疫系统功能,并具有抗氧化作用、整合解毒 作用。GSSG 会被谷胱甘肽还原酶还原成 GSH,因此机体中大多数是以还原型形式存在。测定细胞内 GSH 和 GSSG 含量以及 GSH/GSSG 比值,能够很好地反映细胞所处的氧化还原状态,也是谷胱甘肽氧化还原循环的主 要指标之一。
本试剂盒检测原理是使用适当的封闭剂抑制样品中原有的还原型谷胱甘肽,然后利用谷胱甘肽还原酶 (Glutathione reductase,GR)将 GSSG 还原为 GSH,GSH 与 5,5-二硫双(2-硝基苯甲酸)(DTNB)反应生 成 2-硝基-5-巯基苯甲酸,反应液呈黄色,测定其在 412 nm 处的吸光度值的变化即可计算样本中 GSSG 的含量。
组分与储存:
*各组分在规格基础上额外提供 10%的量用于进行标准曲线制作或预实验。 |
自备仪器与试剂:
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注意事项:
1. 正式检测前,建议选择2-3个预期差异较大的样本进行预实验。
2. 该试剂盒提取的样本也适用于氧化型谷胱甘肽的检测。因提取液中含有蛋白质沉淀剂,因此上清液不能用于蛋白浓度测定。如需测定蛋白含量,需另取相同样本,把提取液换成去离子水提取制备。如需测定蛋白浓度,推荐使用阿拉丁B665595 BCA蛋白定量试剂盒或R1491648 即用型BCA蛋白定量试剂盒。
3. 本试剂盒兼容分光光度计检测,请按照分光光度计检测要求按比例调节检测试剂配制量。
4. 建议实验者自行建立标准曲线以提高结果准确度。如未自行建立标准曲线,可参考结果展示部分的典型标准曲线公式进行结果计算。
5. 生化检测试剂普遍具有刺激性、生物毒性等,为了您的安全和健康,请在实验全程做好生物安全防护,穿戴实验服、口罩、手套、头套等安全护具,在通风橱、生物安全柜中进行实验。
6. 本产品仅供科学研究使用,不适用于临床诊断。
实验流程
试剂准备:
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标准品配制:
取 10 μL 10 mM 氧化型谷胱甘肽标准品用 990 μL提取缓冲液稀释得 100 µM 氧化型谷胱甘肽标准品,取 100 μL 100 µM 氧化型谷胱甘肽标准品 ,加入 100 μL 提取缓冲液得 50 µM GSSG 标准品。按照下表所示,进一步稀释标准品。每次实验都要做一次标准品检测,制作标曲;稀释后的标准品溶液不稳定,必须保持冰上放置,在 4 小时内使用。
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样本制备:
注意:推荐使用新鲜样本,如果不立即进行实验,样本可在-80℃保存 30 天。因 提取缓冲液中含有蛋白质沉淀剂,因此上清液不能直接用于蛋白浓度测定。如需测定蛋白含量,需另取相同样本,把提取缓冲液换成去离子水提取制备。本试剂盒涉及氧化还原反应,具有还原或氧化特性的试剂比如 DTT、TCEP、β-巯基乙 醇、铁离子、半胱氨酸等会干扰反应,另外 Tris 也会影响检测,因此在样本制备过程中应避免使用含有这些物质的试剂。推荐使用氧化锆研磨珠研磨样本,超声破碎前检查探头是否生锈。
1. 动植物组织样本:请尽量使用新鲜的组织样本进行测定。称取 0.1 g 组织样本,加入 1 mL 预冷的提取缓冲液,快速冰上匀浆(匀浆器提前放冰上预冷)。匀浆后的样本,4℃,8000 g 离心 10 min,取上清液置 冰上待测。
2. 血清(浆)样本:请尽量使用新鲜的血清(浆)进行测定。取 60 µL 血清(浆),加入 3 倍体积的提取缓冲液,室温静置 5 min,4℃,8000 g 离心 10 min,取上清液置冰上待测。
3. 细胞(菌)样本:请尽量使用新鲜的细胞(菌)进行测定,而不要使用冻存的细胞(菌)进行测定。收集 5×10 6个细胞(菌),用 1 mL 预冷的 PBS 清洗细胞(菌)2 次(PBS 重悬,4℃,600 g 离心 10 min), 加入 1 mL 提取缓冲液重悬细胞(菌),冰浴超声波破碎 5 min(功率 20%或 200W,超声 3 s,间隔 7s,重复 30 次),4℃,8000 g 离心 10 min,取上清液置冰上待测。细胞也可以使用冻融法提取,重悬的细胞反复快速冻融 2-3 次(在液氮中冻结,37℃水浴中溶解),4℃,8000 g 离心 10 min,取上清液置冰 上待测。
4. 全血样本:请尽量使用新鲜的全血样本进行测定。取 60 µL 全血样本,加入 3 倍体积的提取缓冲液, 快速冰上匀浆(匀浆器提前放冰上预冷),匀浆后的样本,4℃,8000 g 离心 10 min,液体表层可能会出现一层“血膜”,为避免“血膜”干扰,取上清 4℃,8000 g 再离心 1 min,取上清液置冰上待测。
5. 红细胞样本:将抗凝管收集的血液 4℃,1000 g 离心 10 min。弃去上层血浆及白细胞层,用 5 倍体积预冷 的 PBS 清洗红细胞 2 次,4℃,1000 g 离心 10 min,取 100 µL 红细胞加入 0.3 mL 提取缓冲液,快速冰上匀浆或者研磨、超声破碎,参考上述样本破碎方法,4℃,8000 g 离心 10 min,取上清液置冰上待测。
实验步骤:
1. 酶标仪准备:预热 30 min 以上,调节波长到 412 nm。
2. 抑制剂工作液的配制:临用前配制,现配现用。对于 96 孔板,每孔配制 160.5 µL 抑制剂工作液。吸取 0.5 µL 抑制剂,160 µL 检测缓冲液,充分混匀。
酶促工作液的配制:临用前配制,现配现用。对于 96 孔板,每孔配制 22 µL 酶促工作液。吸取 0.4 µL 酶,1.6 µL 检测缓冲液 ,20 µL 谷胱甘肽还原酶辅因子工作液,充分混匀。
注意:酶需混匀后再取用。
3. 检测体系配制:在 96 孔板中按照如下方式操作:
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注意:因反应迅速,建议单独做标准曲线,并从低浓度到高浓度的顺序向标准品中添加显色底物。检测样本时, 在 5 min 内完成全部加样操作不会影响检测结果。
4. 吸光度检测:充分混匀后立即在 412 nm 处读取吸光度值 A1,分别标记为 A1 空白、A1 标准和 A1 测定,室温(25℃)避光孵育 5 min 后,立即在 412 nm 处读取吸光度值 A2,分别标记为 A2 空白、A2 标准和 A2 测定。
结果计算:
以下为您提供的推导过程计算公式和简洁计算公式,两者完全相等。
1.数据处理
计算 ΔA=A2−A1,ΔΔA标准=ΔA标准−ΔA空白,ΔΔA测定=ΔA测定−ΔA空白。
2.标准曲线绘制 以标准品浓度为 y 轴,ΔΔA标准为 x 轴,绘制标准曲线。将 ΔΔA测定代入方程得到 y 值(µM)。
3.样本 GSSG 计算
按样本质量计算
GSSG (nmol/g)=y×V样÷(W×V样÷V提取)×n=y÷W×n
按细胞或细菌数量计算
GSSG (nmol/104)=y×V样÷(N×÷V提取)×n=y÷N×n
按液体体积计算
GSSG (nmol/mL)=y×V样÷(V样÷V2×V1)×n=4y×n
按蛋白浓度计算
GSSG (nmol/mg prot)=y×V样÷(V样×Cpr)×n=y÷Cpr×n nmol:1μM=1nmol/mL;
V样:加入样本体积,20μL;
V提取:加入Extraction Buffer体积,1mL;
V1:提取时加入的液体样本体积;
V2:液体样本提取时的总体积(加入的提取液体积为3V1,V2=4V1);
W:样本质量,g;
n:样本稀释倍数;
Cpr:样本蛋白质浓度,mg/mL;
N:细胞或细菌数量,以10⁴为单位(例如细胞数量为5×10⁶,N=500)。

结果展示:
典型标准曲线:y=30.554x+0.7721,R²=0.9973
示例:取 0.1 g 兔脑组织,检测时不稀释(n=1),按照测定步骤操作,采用 96 孔板检测。测得:ΔA测定=A2 测定−A1 测定=0.2510−0.1067=0.1443,ΔA空白=A2 空白−A1 空白=0.0877−0.0863=0.0013,ΔΔA测定=ΔA测定−ΔA空白=0.1443−0.0013=0.1430。将 ΔΔA测定代入标准曲线方程,得到 y=5.141。按样本质量计算: GSSG (nmol/g)=y÷W×n=5.141÷0.1×1=51.41 nmol/g。
常见问题:
检测得到的样本 ΔΔA测定过高或者过低怎么办?
如果样本的ΔΔA测定大于标准品最高浓度的 ΔΔA标准,则说明样本 GSSG 含量太高,需用提取液适当稀释(计算公式中乘以相应稀释倍数);如果样本的 ΔΔA测定小于标准品最低浓度的 ΔΔA标准,可提高样本量或者减少提取液体积。
Glutathione is a tripeptide containing a γ-amide bond and a sulfhydryl group, composed of glutamate, cysteine, and glycine. It is widely found in animal and plant tissues and microorganisms. In living organisms, it helps maintain normal immune system function and has antioxidant and detoxifying effects. Glutathione exists in two forms: reduced (GSH) and oxidized (GSSG). GSSG, also known as glutathione disulfide, is formed by the oxidation of two glutathione molecules. GSSG can be reduced back to GSH by glutathione reductase; therefore, it exists primarily in the reduced form in organisms. The ratio of reduced to oxidized glutathione (GSH/GSSG) serves as a key dynamic indicator for assessing the cellular redox state.
Detection Principle: Endogenous GSH in the sample is masked by 2-vinylpyridine. Under the catalysis of glutathione reductase (GR), GSSG is reduced to GSH. The generated GSH then reacts with 5,5'-Dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid) (DTNB) to produce yellow-colored 5-thio-2-nitrobenzoic acid (TNB), which has a characteristic absorption peak at 412 nm. The GSSG content is quantified by measuring the change in absorbance.
Detection Range: 1-20 µM
Sensitivity: 1 µM
Applicable Samples: Animal/plant tissues, blood cells, cells, bacteria, serum (plasma).
| O1492795 | Component | 96T | Storage |
| O1492795A | Extraction Buffer | 70 mL×2 | 2-8℃ |
| O1492795B | Inhibitor | 210 μL | -20℃. Store in the dark. |
| O1492795C | Assay Buffer | 20 mL | 2-8℃ |
| O1492795D | Glutathione reductase (GR) | 14 μL | 2-8℃. Store in the dark. |
| O1492795E | GR Cofactor | 2 EA | -20℃. Store in the dark. |
| O1492795F | Chromogen | 2 EA | 2-8℃. Store in the dark. |
O1492795G | Standard | 1 EA | 2-8℃. Store in the dark. |
User-Provided Instruments and Reagents
| Type | Name | Notes |
| Instrument | Microplate Reader | Capable of measuring absorbance at 412 nm. |
| Consumables | 96-well Microplate | Standard transparent plate. |
| Reagents | PBS / Deionized Water | For washing samples / Preparing reagents. |
| Others | Homogenizer (for tissue samples), water bath, ice bucket, low-temperature centrifuge, adjustable pipettes and tips | Using a multichannel pipette for large-scale detection can improve efficiency. |
Experimental Procedure
1. Reagent Preparation
| Reagent Name | Reagent Preparation | Precautions |
| Extraction Buffer | Ready-to-use; equilibrate to room temperature before use. | Store at 4°C. |
| Diluted Extraction Buffer | Add 500 µL Extraction Buffer to 4.5 mL deionized water. | Obtained by 10-fold dilution of Extraction Buffer. |
| Inhibitor | Ready-to-use; equilibrate to room temperature before use. | Store at -20°C protected from light. Toxic and irritant; recommended to handle in a fume hood. |
| Assay Buffer | Ready-to-use; equilibrate to room temperature before use. | Store at 4°C. |
| GR Dilution | Before use, prepare by adding 1 µL GR to 20 µL deionized water per sample. | Prepare freshly before use. |
| GR Cofactor Dilution | Before use, add 1.5 mL deionized water to each vial; equilibrate to room temperature protected from light. | After dissolution, store at -20°C protected from light for up to 1 month. |
| Chromogen Dilution | Before use, add 1.5 mL deionized water to each vial; equilibrate to room temperature protected from light. | After dissolution, store at 4°C protected from light for up to 1 month. |
| GSSG Standard | Dissolve in 1 mL of Diluted Extraction Buffer. | 20 mM; After dissolution, aliquot and store at -20°C protected from light for up to 1 month. |
2. Standard Preparation
Take 100 µL of the 20 mM GSSG standard and dilute with 900 µL Diluted Extraction Buffer to obtain a 2 mM GSSG standard solution.
Take 10 µL of the 2 mM GSSG standard and dilute with 990 µL Diluted Extraction Buffer to obtain a 20 µM GSSG standard solution.
Further dilute the standard as shown in the table below. A standard curve must be prepared for each experiment. Diluted standard solutions are unstable and must be used within 4 hours.
| Standard Working Solution | 20µM Standard (µL) | Diluted Extraction Buffer (µL) | Concentration (µM) |
| 1 | 100 | 0 | 20 |
| 2 | 80 | 20 | 16 |
| 3 | 60 | 40 | 12 |
| 4 | 40 | 60 | 8 |
| 5 | 20 | 80 | 4 |
| 6 | 10 | 90 | 2 |
| 7 | 5 | 95 | 1 |
3. Sample Preparation
Note: Fresh samples are recommended. If not used immediately, samples can be stored at -80°C for up to 10 days. Because the Extraction Buffer contains a protein precipitant, the supernatant cannot be used for protein concentration determination. If protein content needs to be measured, prepare another identical sample using deionized water instead of Extraction Buffer.
3.1 Animal/Plant Tissue Samples:
Use fresh tissue samples whenever possible. Weigh 0.1 g of tissue, add 1 mL of pre-cooled Extraction Buffer, and homogenize quickly on ice (pre-cool the homogenizer on ice). Centrifuge the homogenate at 8000 g, 4°C for 10 min. Collect the supernatant and keep on ice for detection.
3.2 Serum/Plasma Samples:
Use fresh serum (plasma) whenever possible. Centrifuge the collected serum (plasma) at 600 g, 4°C for 10 min. Within 30 minutes, aspirate the supernatant into another tube. Add an equal volume of Extraction Buffer, mix, then centrifuge at 8000 g, 4°C for 10 min. Collect the supernatant and keep on ice for detection.
3.3 Cell or Bacterial Samples:
Use fresh cells (bacteria) whenever possible; avoid using frozen cells (bacteria). Collect 5×10⁶ cells (bacteria). Wash twice with 1 mL of pre-cooled PBS (resuspend in PBS, centrifuge at 600 g, 4°C for 10 min). Add 3 times the volume of Extraction Buffer relative to the cell (bacterial) pellet to resuspend the cells (bacteria). Disrupt by ultrasound on ice (power 20% or 200 W, ultrasonicate for 3 s, interval 7 s, repeat 30 times). Centrifuge at 8000 g, 4°C for 10 min. Collect the supernatant and keep on ice for detection.
Note: Cells can also be extracted using a freeze-thaw method (not suitable for bacteria): Resuspend cells and subject to 2-3 rapid freeze-thaw cycles (freeze in liquid nitrogen, thaw in a 37°C water bath). Centrifuge at 8000 g, 4°C for 10 min. Collect the supernatant and keep on ice for detection.
4. Assay Steps
4.1 Microplate Reader Preparation: Preheat for at least 30 minutes, set wavelength to 412 nm.
4.2 Assay System Setup (Step 1 - Pre-treatment): Perform the following operations in 1.5 mL EP tubes. This step must be done in EP tubes. Do not add Inhibitor directly to the 96-well plate as it may corrode the plate. Inhibitor is toxic and irritant; recommended to handle in a fume hood.
| Reagent | Blank Tube (µL) | Standard Tube (µL) | Test Tube (µL) |
| Sample | 0 | 0 | 3 |
| Deionized Water | 30 | 0 | 27 |
| Standard | 0 | 30 | 0 |
| Inhibitor | 1.5 | 1.5 | 1.5 |
4.3 Mix well and incubate at 37°C for 30 minutes. This becomes the "Mixture".
4.4 Assay System Setup (Step 2 - Reaction): Perform the following operations in a 96-well plate.
| Reagent | Blank Well (µL) | Standard Well (µL) | Test Well (µL) |
| Mixture | 21 | 21 | 21 |
| Assay Buffer | 140 | 140 | 140 |
| GR Dilution | 2 | 2 | 2 |
| GR Cofactor Dilution | 20 | 20 | 20 |
| Chromogen Dilution | 20 | 20 | 20 |
Precautions
1. It is recommended to perform preliminary experiments using 2-3 samples expected to have significant differences before formal testing.
2. The samples extracted with this kit are suitable for the detection of oxidized glutathione (GSSG). Because the extraction buffer contains a protein precipitant, the supernatant cannot be used for protein concentration determination. If protein content needs to be measured, prepare another identical sample using deionized water instead of the extraction buffer. For protein concentration determination, Aladdin BCA Protein Quantification Kit (B665595) or Ready-to-Use BCA Protein Quantification Kit (R1491648) are recommended.
3. This kit is compatible with spectrophotometer detection. Adjust the preparation volume of detection reagents proportionally according to the spectrophotometer's requirements.
4. It is recommended to establish your own standard curve for improved accuracy. If not, you may refer to the typical standard curve formula provided in the results section for calculation.
5. Biochemical reagents are generally irritating and biologically toxic. For your safety and health, please wear appropriate personal protective equipment (lab coat, mask, gloves, hair cap, etc.) throughout the experiment and perform experiments in a fume hood or biosafety cabinet.
6. This product is for scientific research use only. Not intended for clinical diagnosis.
Frequently Asked Questions
Q: What should I do if the sample ΔA test is too high or too low?
Frequently Asked Questions Q: What should I do if the sample ΔA test is too high or too low? A: If the sample ΔA test is greater than the ΔA standard of the 20 µM standard, the GSSG content in the sample is too high. Dilute the sample appropriately with deionized water (multiply by the dilution factor in the calculation). If the sample ΔA test is less than 0.005, increase the sample amount.
Q: Can blood cell samples be detected?
A: Yes, blood cell samples can be detected. Centrifuge the collected anticoagulated blood at 600 g, 4°C for 10 min. Discard the upper plasma and wash the pellet 2-3 times with 3 volumes of PBS (resuspend blood cells in PBS, centrifuge at 600 g, 4°C for 10 min). Add an equal volume of Extraction Buffer, mix, and let stand at 4°C for 10 min. Centrifuge at 8000 g, 4°C for 10 min. Collect the supernatant and keep on ice for detection.
| 组分货号 | 组分名称 | 物理外观 | 48T | 96T | 储存 |
| O1492795A | 提取缓冲液 | 液体 | 70 mL | 70 mL×2 | 2-8℃. |
| O1492795B | 抑制剂 | 液体 | 50 μL | 100 μL | -20℃. 避光 |
| O1492795C | 检测缓冲液 | 液体 | 12.5 mL | 25 mL | 2-8℃. |
| O1492795D | 谷胱甘肽还原酶 | 液体 | 25 μL | 50 μL | 2-8℃. 避光 |
| O1492795E | 谷胱甘肽还原酶辅因子 | 粉末 | 1 vial | 1 vial | -20℃. 避光 |
| O1492795F | 显色底物 | 液体 | 1.5 mL | 3 mL | 2-8℃. 避光 |
| O1492795G | 氧化型谷胱甘肽标准品 | 粉末 | 1 vial | 1 vial | 2-8℃. 避光 |
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| 批号(Lot Number) | 证书类型 | 货号 |
|---|---|---|
| 分析证书 | O1492795 | |
| 分析证书 | O1492795 | |
| 分析证书 | O1492795 | |
| 分析证书 | O1492795 | |
| 分析证书 | O1492795 |