计算溶液所需的质量、体积或浓度。
为什么选择此级别
，适用于对基线干扰要求严格的色谱和分析工作流程。
储存与运输
避光,-20°C储存。超低温运输 。请查阅批次 COA 获取详细规格。
质量文档
SDS、COA、产品数据表及规格说明书均可下载。可通过批号查询获取批次 COA。
文献证明
在色谱分析、有机合成和交叉偶联反应领域已被 0 篇同行评审文献引用。
概述
细胞发生凋亡时, 会激活一些DNA内切酶，这些内切酶会切断核小体间的基因组DNA，产生180 bp-200 bp的 DNA 片段，表现为琼脂糖凝胶电泳中呈现的特异的梯状Ladder图谱。基因组DNA双链或单链断裂时会出现产生大量的粘性3'-OH末端，可在脱氧核糖核苷酸末端转移酶（TdT）的催化作用下，与生物素（Biotin）-dUTP结合，从而通过光学显微镜直接进行凋亡细胞的检测，这类方法称为脱氧核糖核苷酸末端转移酶介导的缺口末端标记法（Terminal -deoxynucleotidyl transferase mediated nick end labeling, TUNEL）。由于正常的或正在增殖的细胞几乎没有DNA的断裂，因而没有3'-OH形成，很少能够被染色。Tunel法可以对完整的单个凋亡细胞核或凋亡小体进行原位染色，能准确地反应细胞凋亡典型的生物化学和形态特征，可检测出极少量的凋亡细胞，因而在细胞凋亡的研究中广泛采用。 本试剂盒应用范围广，可用于检测冷冻或石蜡切片中的细胞凋亡情况，也可检测培养的贴壁细胞或悬浮细胞的凋亡情况。可选择性的检测凋亡细胞，而非坏死细胞或因辐照和药物治疗而造成的 DNA 链断裂的细胞。
组分：
使用方法：
实验材料（自备）
. PBS缓冲液（1×, pH~7.4）
. 0.2% Triton X- 100（PBS配制）
. 石蜡切片处理相关试剂
. 4%多聚甲醛（PBS配制）
. 免疫组化笔
. 0.3% H2O2（PBS新鲜配制）
. 中性树脂
. ddH2O
实验设计
A. 阳性对照（可选）：DNaseI处理制备阳性对照载玻片。DNaseI可以消化单链或双链DNA产生单脱氧核苷酸或单链或双链的寡脱氧核苷酸的核酸内切酶，人为造成细胞凋亡。
B. 阴性对照（可选）：使用不含 TdT Enzyme 的 Biotin TUNEL Reaction Buffer，用 ddH2O 替代 TdT Enzyme。
C. 实验处理组。
D. 实验对照组。
实验步骤
1. 样本准备：
（1）对于贴壁细胞或细胞涂片
a. PBS清洗1次。
注：如果担心细胞涂片的细胞贴得不牢，可以干燥样品使细胞贴得更牢。
b. 固定：加入适量4%多聚甲醛（PBS配制），室温固定30 min 。PBS清洗2次。
c. 通透：加入适量0.2% Triton X- 100（PBS配制），室温通透20 min 。PBS清洗2次。
d. 封闭： 每孔加入100 μL左右的0.3% H2O2溶液（PBS新鲜配制） ，并使其充分覆盖细胞， 室温避光封闭30 min，以灭活细胞内源的过氧化氢酶，随后用PBS清洗2次。
e. 转步骤2. TUNEL 反应。
（2）对于悬浮细胞或细胞悬液
a. 收集细胞（3-5×106个细胞）， 1000 rpm离心5 min ，PBS清洗2次。
b. 固定：加入适量4%多聚甲醛（PBS配制）充分重悬细胞， 4℃固定30 min 。2000 rpm离心5 min ，PBS清洗2次。
c. 通透：加入适量0.2% Triton X- 100（PBS配制），室温通透20 min 。2000 rpm离心5 min ，PBS清洗2次。
d. 封闭：每孔加入100 μL左右的0.3% H2O2 溶液（PBS新鲜配制），轻轻吹吸重悬细胞，室温避光封闭30 min，以灭活细胞内源的过氧化氢酶，随后用PBS清洗2次。
e. 转步骤2. TUNEL 反应。
（3）石蜡组织切片
a. 脱蜡与水化：将切片样本依次放入二甲苯I（10 min）→ 二甲苯II（10 min）→ 100％乙醇I（5 min）→ 100％乙醇II（5 min）→ 95%乙醇（5 min）→ 90%乙醇（5 min）→ 80%乙醇（5 min）→ 70%乙醇（5 min）→ ddH2O冲洗5 min，冲洗2次。
注：二甲苯有毒，易挥发，请在通风橱中进行此操作。
b. 用滤纸吸干切片样本周围液体，用免疫组化笔圈好样本轮廓，以便下游通透与标记。
注：若在后续实验操作中发现免疫组化笔画的轮廓圈被破坏，需及时补画。
c. 通透：按1: 100的比例，将2 mg/mL的Proteinase K溶液用PBS稀释至终浓度20 µg/mL，在每个样本上滴加100 µL，使溶液覆盖全部样本区域， 20-37℃孵育20 min。
注： ProteinaseK可通透细胞膜和核膜， 从而使后续步骤的染色试剂充分进入细胞核进行反应， 提高标记效率。孵育时间过长 会增加组织切片在后续洗涤步骤中从载波片上脱落的风险， 过短则可能造成透性处理不充分， 影响标记效率。为得到更好的结果， Proteinase K的浓度、孵育时间、温度需根据不同类型组织样本进行优化。
d. PBS漂洗切片2次，每次5 min。
注：这一步必须把Proteinase K洗涤干净，否则会严重干扰后续的标记反应。
e. 封闭：加入适量0.3% H2O2溶液（PBS新鲜配制） ，室温孵育30 min，以灭活切片内源的过氧化氢酶。
f. PBS漂洗切片2次，每次5 min，用滤纸吸去多余的液体，将处理好的样品放在湿盒中保持湿润。
g. 转步骤2. TUNEL 反应。
（4）冰冻组织切片
a. 固定： 取出冰冻切片， 并回温至室温。加入适量4%多聚甲醛（PBS配制） ，室温固定30 min。PBS漂洗2次，每次10 min。 注： 若是担心甲醛清洗不干净， 影响最终染色效果。可在甲醛固定完成后加入适量2 mg/mL 甘氨酸清洗10 min，中和残留的固定液，再进行PBS清洗。
b. 用滤纸吸干切片样本周围液体，用免疫组化笔圈好样本轮廓，以便下游通透与标记。
注：若在后续实验操作中发现免疫组化笔画的轮廓圈被破坏，需及时补画。
c. 通透：按1: 100的比例，将2 mg/mL的Proteinase K溶液用PBS稀释至终浓度20 µg/mL，在每个样本上滴加100 µL，使溶液覆盖全部样本区域， 20-37℃孵育20 min。
注： ProteinaseK可通透细胞膜和核膜， 从而使后续步骤的染色试剂充分进入细胞核进行反应， 提高标记效率。孵育时间过长 会增加组织切片在后续洗涤步骤中从载波片上脱落的风险， 过短则可能造成透性处理不充分， 影响标记效率。为得到更好的结果， Proteinase K的浓度、孵育时间、温度需根据不同类型组织样本进行优化。
d. PBS漂洗切片2次，每次5 min。
注：这一步必须把Proteinase K洗涤干净，否则会严重干扰后续的标记反应。
e. 封闭：加入适量0.3% H2O2溶液（PBS新鲜配制） ，室温孵育30 min，以灭活切片内源的过氧化氢酶。
f. PBS漂洗切片2次，每次5 min，用滤纸吸去多余的液体，将处理好的切片放在湿盒中保持湿润。
g. 转步骤2. TUNEL 反应。
（5）阳性处理（仅阳性对照进行此步骤，其他样品直接进行TUNEL反应步骤）
a. 按1: 10的比例用ddH2O将10×DNase I Buffer稀释成1×DNase I Buffer备用。
b. 滴加100 µL 1×DNase I Buffer到已处理的样本上，覆盖全部样本区域，室温平衡5 min。
c. 用1×DNase I Buffer以1: 100稀释DNase I (2 U/μL)至终浓度20 U/mL的工作液。
d. 弃去Buffer，加入100 μL浓度为20 U/mL的DNase I工作液，室温孵育10 min。
e. 弃去DNase I工作液， PBS清洗2次。
f. 转步骤2. TUNEL 反应。
2. TUNEL 反应
（1）配制TUNEL反应液（即用即配）：
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（2）每个样本加入50 μLTUNEL 反应液，使反应液均匀覆盖样本。 37℃孵育60 min。
注： 50 μL TUNEL 反应液适合涂片、切片或 96 孔板（其他不同孔板可以适当调整 TUNEL 反应液体积，覆盖细胞即可）。 如果待检测的样品为涂片、切片或在 24 孔板、 12 孔板或 6 孔板中， 可以使用防蒸发膜，或自行尝试使用自封袋或其它适当 材料自行裁剪成比孔略小的圆形塑料片，滴加 TUNEL 反应液后覆盖在样本上，可以防止 TUNEL 反应液蒸发，并且使 TUNEL反应液均匀覆盖样本。
（3）弃去TUNEL反应液， PBS清洗2次。
3. Streptavidin-HRP 工作液和 DAB 显色液的配制
（1）Streptavidin-HRP工作液的配制（即用即配）：
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（2）DAB显色液的配制（即用即配）：
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注意：（1）溶液A/B必须完全融化混匀后使用。
（2）不要使用含有叠氮化钠的缓冲液， 叠氮化钠是一种HRP抑制剂。
（3）配制好的工作液可在4℃避光稳定保存5天，工作液内出现的任何沉淀均不影响染色。对于出现沉淀的工作液，建议高速离心后取上清使用。
（3）DAB显色增强液的配制（即用即配）：
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注意：溶液C必须完全混匀后使用。
4. 样品显色
（1）每个样本加入50 μL Streptavidin-HRP工作液， 37℃孵育30 min。
注： 50 μL Streptavidin-HRP工作液适合涂片、切片或96孔板（其他不同孔板可以适当调整Streptavidin-HRP工作液体积， 覆盖细胞即可）。 为防止Streptavidin-HRP工作液蒸发，建议在样本上覆上防蒸发膜。
（2）弃去Streptavidin-HRP工作液， PBS清洗2次。
（3）每个样本加入50 μL DAB显色液， 室温避光孵育1~30 min或更长时间， 孵育时间根据样本显色情况而定， 若无背景出现则可继续孵育至显色达到预期深浅。
（4）去除DAB染色工作液，用蒸馏水冲洗样品3~5次以中止显色反应。
（5）（可选） DAB显色较浅时或需进一步增强信号时，可选显色增强步骤。
（6） （可选） 最后一次洗涤完毕后， 去除蒸馏水，加50 μL显色增强液， 确保能充分覆盖样品。室温避光孵育1~30 min或更 长时间，孵育时间根据样本显色情况而定，直至DAB在表位处产生的浅棕色沉淀变成深棕色沉淀且无明显非特异及背景着色。
（7） （可选） 去除显色增强液，用蒸馏水冲洗样品3~5次以中止增强显色反应。
（8） （可选）加入适量苏木素染色液或甲基绿染色液进行细胞核染色。弃去染色液PBS清洗2次 。
（9） （可选）切片封片： 每个样本滴加50 μL中性树脂，盖上盖玻片， 用镊子的钝端轻轻敲击盖玻片， 去除气泡以使封片完全 。
（10）用滤纸吸去多余的液体，向样本区域加100 μL PBS保持样本湿润，立即在光学显微镜下分析样本。
注意事项：
1.组分A 、E 、F、G需避光，避免反复冻融；
2.使用前请将产品瞬时离心至管底，再进行后续实验；
3.叠氮化钠对HRP有抑制作用，实验中请勿使用含有叠氮化钠的试剂；
4.组分A、E、F、G使用时请佩戴口罩、手套，如接触皮肤，请立即用大量水冲洗；
5.为了您的安全和健康，请穿实验服并戴一次性手套操作
应用范围：
晚期凋亡检测、TUNEL Kit
When cell apoptosis occurs, some DNA endonucleases will be activated. These endonucleases will cut off genomic DNA between nucleosomes and generate 180 bp to 200 bp DNA fragments, which is shown as a specific ladder map in agarose gel electrophoresis. When genomic DNA undergoes double or single strand breaks, a large number of sticky 3 '- OH terminals are produced, which can bind to biotin dUTP under the catalytic action of deoxyribonucleotide terminal transferase (TdT), and directly detect apoptotic cells through optical microscopy. This method is called terminal deoxyribonucleotide terminal transferase mediated nick end labeling (TUNEL). Due to the almost absence of DNA breakage in normal or proliferating cells, there is no formation of 3 '- OH and it is rarely stained. The Tunel method can perform in situ staining on intact individual apoptotic nuclei or bodies, accurately reflecting the typical biochemical and morphological characteristics of cell apoptosis, and can detect a very small number of apoptotic cells. Therefore, it is widely used in the study of cell apoptosis. This reagent kit has a wide range of applications and can be used to detect cell apoptosis in frozen or paraffin sections, as well as in cultured adherent or suspended cells. Selective detection of apoptotic cells, rather than necrotic cells or cells with DNA strand breaks caused by irradiation and drug therapy.
Component：
Instruction：
Experimental materials (self provided)
PBS buffer (1 x, pH~7.4)
0.2% Triton X -100 (PBS formulation)
Related reagents for paraffin section processing
4% paraformaldehyde (prepared with PBS)
Immunohistochemical pen
0.3% H2O2 (PBS freshly prepared)
Neutral resin
. ddH2O
experimental design
A. Positive control (optional): Prepare positive control slides using DNaseI treatment. DNaseI can digest single or double stranded DNA to produce single deoxyribonucleotides or single or double stranded oligodeoxyribonucleotides as endonucleases, artificially causing cell apoptosis.
B. Negative control (optional): Use Biotin TUNEL Reaction Buffer without TdT Enzyme and replace TdTEnzyme with ddH2O.
C. Experimental processing group.
D. Experimental control group.
Experimental steps
1. Sample preparation:
(1) For adherent cells or cell smears
a. Clean once with PBS.
Note: If you are concerned that the cells on the cell smear may not adhere firmly, you can dry the sample to make the cells adhere more firmly.
b. Fixed: Add an appropriate amount of 4% paraformaldehyde (prepared with PBS) and fix at room temperature for 30 minutes. Clean twice with PBS.
c. Translucency: Add an appropriate amount of 0.2% Triton X -100 (prepared with PBS) and let it penetrate at room temperature for 20 minutes. Clean twice with PBS.
d. Closed: Add 100 to each hole μ Approximately 0.3% H2O2 solution (freshly prepared with PBS) was prepared and allowed to fully cover the cells. The cells were sealed at room temperature in dark for 30 minutes to inactivate endogenous catalase. Subsequently, the cells were washed twice with PBS.
e. Step 2: TUNEL reaction.
(2) For suspended cells or cell suspensions
a. Collect cells (3-5 x 106 cells), centrifuge at 1000 rpm for 5 minutes, and wash twice with PBS.
b. Fixation: Add an appropriate amount of 4% paraformaldehyde (prepared with PBS) and resuspend the cells thoroughly. Fix at 4 ℃ for 30 minutes. Centrifuge at 2000 rpm for 5 minutes and clean twice with PBS.
c. Translucency: Add an appropriate amount of 0.2% Triton X -100 (prepared with PBS) and let it penetrate at room temperature for 20 minutes. Centrifuge at 2000 rpm for 5 minutes and clean twice with PBS.
d. Closed: Add 100 to each hole μ A 0.3% H2O2 solution (freshly prepared with PBS) of about L was gently blown and aspirated to resuspend the cells. The cells were closed at room temperature in the dark for 30 minutes to inactivate endogenous catalase, and then washed twice with PBS.
e. Step 2: TUNEL reaction.
(3) Paraffin tissue sectioning
a. Dewaxing and hydration: Place the sliced samples sequentially in xylene I (10 min) → xylene II (10 min) → 100% ethanol I (5 min) → 100% ethanol II (5 min) → 95% ethanol (5 min) → 90% ethanol (5 min) → 80% ethanol (5 min) → 70% ethanol (5 min) → ddH2O rinse for 5 min, rinse twice.
Note: Xylene is toxic and volatile. Please perform this operation in a fume hood.
b. Use filter paper to dry the liquid around the sliced sample, and circle the sample contour with an immunohistochemical pen for downstream transparency and labeling.
Note: If it is found that the contour circle of immunohistochemistry strokes is damaged in subsequent experimental operations, it needs to be redrawn in a timely manner.
c. Transparency: Dilute 2 mg/mL of Protein K solution with PBS in a ratio of 1:100 to a final concentration of 20 µ g/mL. Add 100 µ L dropwise to each sample to cover all sample areas. Incubate at 20-37 ℃ for 20 minutes.
Note: ProteinaseK can penetrate the cell membrane and nuclear membrane, allowing subsequent staining reagents to fully enter the nucleus for reaction and improve labeling efficiency. An excessively long incubation time increases the risk of tissue slices falling off the carrier film during subsequent washing steps, while a too short incubation time may result in insufficient permeability treatment and affect labeling efficiency. To obtain better results, the concentration, incubation time, and temperature of Protein K need to be optimized according to different types of tissue samples.
d. Wash the slices with PBS twice for 5 minutes each time.
Note: Protein K must be washed thoroughly in this step, otherwise it will seriously interfere with subsequent labeling reactions.
e. Sealing: Add an appropriate amount of 0.3% H2O2 solution (PBS freshly prepared) and incubate at room temperature for 30 minutes to inactivate endogenous catalase in the slices.
f. Wash the slices with PBS twice, each time for 5 minutes. Use filter paper to remove excess liquid, and place the processed sample in a wet box to keep it moist.
g. Step 2: TUNEL reaction.
(4) Frozen tissue sections
a. Fixation: Take out frozen sections and warm them back to room temperature. Add an appropriate amount of 4% paraformaldehyde (prepared with PBS) and fix at room temperature for 30 minutes. Rinse twice with PBS for 10 minutes each time. Note: If you are concerned that formaldehyde cleaning may not be clean enough, it may affect the final dyeing effect. After formaldehyde fixation is completed, an appropriate amount of 2 mg/mL glycine can be added and washed for 10 minutes to neutralize the residual fixing solution, and then PBS cleaning can be carried out.
b. Use filter paper to dry the liquid around the sliced sample, and circle the sample contour with an immunohistochemical pen for downstream transparency and labeling.
Note: If it is found that the contour circle of immunohistochemistry strokes is damaged in subsequent experimental operations, it needs to be redrawn in a timely manner.
c. Transparency: Dilute 2 mg/mL of Protein K solution with PBS in a ratio of 1:100 to a final concentration of 20 µ g/mL. Add 100 µ L dropwise to each sample to cover all sample areas. Incubate at 20-37 ℃ for 20 minutes.
Note: ProteinaseK can penetrate the cell membrane and nuclear membrane, allowing subsequent staining reagents to fully enter the nucleus for reaction and improve labeling efficiency. An excessively long incubation time increases the risk of tissue slices falling off the carrier film during subsequent washing steps, while a too short incubation time may result in insufficient permeability treatment and affect labeling efficiency. To obtain better results, the concentration, incubation time, and temperature of Protein K need to be optimized according to different types of tissue samples.
d. Wash the slices with PBS twice for 5 minutes each time.
Note: Protein K must be washed thoroughly in this step, otherwise it will seriously interfere with subsequent labeling reactions.
e. Sealing: Add an appropriate amount of 0.3% H2O2 solution (PBS freshly prepared) and incubate at room temperature for 30 minutes to inactivate endogenous catalase in the slices.
f. Rinse the slices with PBS twice, each time for 5 minutes. Use filter paper to remove excess liquid, and place the processed slices in a wet box to keep them moist.
g. Step 2: TUNEL reaction.
(5) Positive treatment (only the positive control is subjected to this step, and other samples are directly subjected to the TUNEL reaction step)
a. Dilute 10 x DNase I Buffer with ddH2O in a ratio of 1:10 to 1 x DNase I Buffer for later use.
b. Drip 100 µ L of 1xDNase I Buffer onto the processed sample, covering all sample areas, and equilibrate at room temperature for 5 minutes.
c. Dilute DNase I (2 U) with 1 x DNase I Buffer at a ratio of 1:100/ μ L) A working solution with a final concentration of 20 U/mL.
d. Discard the buffer and add 100 μ Incubate DNase I working solution with a concentration of 20 U/mL at room temperature for 10 minutes.
e. Discard DNase I working solution and clean twice with PBS.
f. Step 2: TUNEL reaction.
2. TUNEL reaction
(1) Prepare TUNEL reaction solution (ready to use):
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(2) Add 50 to each sample μ LTUNEL reaction solution is used to evenly cover the sample with the reaction solution. Incubate at 37 ℃ for 60 minutes.
Note: 50 μ L TUNEL reaction solution is suitable for smear, slicing, or 96 well plates (other different well plates can adjust the volume of TUNEL reaction solution appropriately to cover cells). If the sample to be tested is a smear, slice, or in a 24 well plate, 12 well plate, or 6 well plate, anti evaporation film can be used, or self sealing bags or other appropriate materials can be used to cut circular plastic sheets slightly smaller than the holes, and TUNEL reaction solution can be added dropwise to cover the sample, which can prevent the evaporation of TUNEL reaction solution and make the TUNEL reaction solution evenly cover the sample.
(3) Discard TUNEL reaction solution and clean twice with PBS.
3. Preparation of Streptavidin HRP working solution and DAB colorimetric solution
(1) Preparation of Streptavidin HRP working solution (ready to use):
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(2) Preparation of DAB color solution (ready to use):
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Attention: (1) Solution A/B must be completely melted and mixed before use.
(2) Do not use buffer solutions containing sodium azide, which is an HRP inhibitor.
(3) The prepared working solution can be stably stored in the dark at 4 ℃ for 5 days, and any precipitation in the working solution does not affect the dyeing process. For working fluids with precipitation, it is recommended to use the supernatant after high-speed centrifugation.
(3) Preparation of DAB color enhancement solution (ready to use):
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Attention: Solution C must be completely mixed before use.
4. Sample color rendering
(1) Add 50 to each sample μ L Streptavidin HRP working solution, incubated at 37 ℃ for 30 minutes.
Note: 50 μ L Streptavidin HRP working solution is suitable for smear, slicing, or 96 well plates (for other different well plates, the volume of Streptavidin HRP working solution can be adjusted appropriately to cover the cells). To prevent the evaporation of Streptavidin HRP working solution, it is recommended to cover the sample with an anti evaporation film.
(2) Discard Streptavidin HRP working solution and clean twice with PBS.
(3) Add 50 to each sample μ L DAB color solution, incubate at room temperature in dark for 1-30 minutes or longer, depending on the color development of the sample. If there is no background present, continue to incubate until the color reaches the expected depth.
(4) Remove DAB staining solution and rinse the sample 3-5 times with distilled water to stop the color reaction.
(5) (Optional) When the DAB color is lighter or further signal enhancement is required, the color enhancement step can be selected.
(6) (Optional) After the last wash, remove distilled water and add 50 μ L color enhancement solution ensures sufficient coverage of the sample. Incubate at room temperature in dark for 1-30 minutes or longer, depending on the color development of the sample, until the light brown precipitate generated by DAB at the epitope turns into a dark brown precipitate without significant non-specific or background coloring.
(7) (Optional) Remove the color enhancement solution and rinse the sample 3-5 times with distilled water to terminate the enhanced color reaction.
(8) (Optional) Add an appropriate amount of hematoxylin staining solution or methyl green staining solution for cell nucleus staining. Discard the staining solution and wash twice with PBS.
(9) (Optional) Slice sealing: Add 50 drops to each sample μ L neutral resin, cover with a cover glass, gently tap the cover glass with the blunt end of tweezers to remove bubbles and ensure complete sealing.
(10) Use filter paper to remove excess liquid and add 100 to the sample area μ Keep the sample moist with PBS and immediately analyze the sample under an optical microscope.
Matters needing attention:
1.Components A, E, F, and G need to avoid light and avoid repeated freezing and thawing ;
2.Please instantaneously centrifuge the product to the bottom of the tube before use, and then carry out subsequent experiments ;
3.Sodium azide has an inhibitory effect on HRP, do not use reagents containing sodium azide in the experiment ;
4.Please wear masks and gloves when using components A, E, F and G.If you touch the skin, please rinse immediately with a large amount of water ;
5.For your safety and health, please wear experimental clothes and disposable gloves.
Scope of application:
Late apoptosis detection, TUNEL Kit
规格
英文名称
Biotin TUNEL apoptosis Kit
储存与运输
储存条件
避光,-20°C储存
运输条件
超低温运输
技术文档
高级数据
质检证书（CoA,COO,BSE/TSE 和分析图谱)
C of A & Other Certificates(BSE/TSE, COO):
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| 批号(Lot Number) | 证书类型 | 货号 |
|---|---|---|
 H2406476 |
分析证书 | B598358 |
技术文档和文章
膀胱癌（BC）动物模型构建与应用
目录： 技术文章
溶液计算器
常见问题
本产品应如何储存？
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