The gut–brain axis connects the central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, and peripheral metabolic organs through autonomic nerves, enteroendocrine hormones, microbial metabolites, bile acids, and immune signals. Natural products can act on neural receptors, the gut microbiota, the ...
The gut microbiota can use dietary components, host secretions, and intrinsic microbial metabolic pathways to generate diverse classes of small-molecule compounds. These metabolites regulate the intestinal epithelial barrier, energy metabolism, immune-cell differentiation, and signaling in ...