The uPA/uPAR system is not merely a proteolytic module, but an important interface linking local fibrinolytic activation, cell-adhesion switching, amplification of migratory signaling, and microenvironment remodeling.
Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) is a core member of a multifunctional cytokine family and exerts systemic influence in embryonic development, immune homeostasis, tissue repair, extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling, and regulation of the tumor microenvironment. TGF-β initiates signaling ...