Depression involves multilevel abnormalities in monoaminergic transmission, the balance between glutamate and GABA, regulation of the stress axis, and synaptic plasticity. Different targets separately influence mood, reward, cognition, sleep, and stress responses and together form an ...
The endocrine system maintains body homeostasis through hormone secretion, target organ responses, and feedback regulation. Hormones regulate glucose and lipid metabolism, growth and development, reproductive function, stress responses, water and electrolyte balance, bone metabolism, and energy ...
Glucocorticoids (GCs) are steroid hormones synthesized and secreted by the adrenal cortex. Their release is regulated by the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis and follows a pronounced circadian rhythm.